Blue green algal (cyanobacterial) toxins, surface drinking water, and liver cancer in Florida |
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| Authors: | Lora E Fleming Carlos Rivero John Burns Chris Williams Judy A Bean Kathleen A Shea John Stinn |
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| Institution: | 1. NIEHS Marine and Freshwater Biomedical Sciences Center, University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Studies, Miami, FL, USA;2. GEOCORE Facility, University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Studies, Miami, FL, USA;3. CyanoLab, Palatka, FL, USA;4. St. Johns River Water Management District (SJRWMD), Palatka, FL, USA;1. Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Zhongshan Road 321, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu Province, China;2. Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China;3. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China;4. State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China;5. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Research Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden;1. Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA;2. Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA;1. State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China;2. Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Forestry Science Research Institute, Nanning 530002, China;3. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China;1. Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA;2. NIEHS Center for Oceans and Human Health on Climate Change Interactions, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, 29208, USA;3. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy at Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA;4. Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798-7266, USA;5. Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA;6. Columbia VA Medical Center, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA |
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| Abstract: | The blue green algae or cyanobacteria represent a diverse group of organisms that produce potent natural toxins. There have been case reports of severe morbidity and mortality in domestic animals through drinking water contaminated by these toxins. Microcystins, in particular, have been associated with acute liver damage and possibly liver cancer in laboratory animals. Although, there has been little epidemiologic research on toxin effects in humans, a study by Yu (1995) found an association between primary liver cancer and surface water. Surface water drinking supplies are particularly vulnerable to the growth of these organisms; current US drinking water treatment practices do not monitor or actively treat for blue green algal toxins including the microcystins.After a monitoring survey in Florida found organisms and microcystins (among other cyanobacterial toxins) in surface water drinking sources, a pilot ecological study was performed using a Geographic Information System (GIS) to evaluate the risk of primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and proximity to a surface water treatment plant at cancer diagnosis. The study linked all HCC cancers diagnosed in Florida from 1981 to 1998 with environmental databases.A significantly increased risk for HCC with residence within the service area of a surface water treatment plant was found compared to persons living in areas contiguous to the surface water treatment plants. However, this increased risk was not seen in comparison to persons living in randomly selected ground water treatment service areas or compared to the Florida cumulative incidence rate for the study period, using various comparison and GIS methodologies. Furthermore, these findings must be interpreted in light of significant issues of latency, high population mobility, and the lack of individual exposure information. Nevertheless, the issue of acute and chronic human health effects associated with the consumption of surface waters possibly contaminated by blue green algal toxins merits further investigation. |
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| Keywords: | Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) Ecological studies Geographic information systems (GIS) Cyanobacteria Blue green algal toxins Microcystins Surface water Drinking water |
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