Effects of dietary polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids on dyslipidemia and insulin resistance in rodents and humans. A review

For many years, clinical and animal studies on polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids (PUFAs), especially those from marine oil, eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5,n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6,n-3), have reported the impact of their beneficial effects on both health and diseases. Among other things, they regulate lipid levels, cardiovascular and immune functions as well as insulin action. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are vital components of the phospholipids of membrane cells and serve as important mediators of the nuclear events governing the specific gene expression involved in lipid and glucose metabolism and adipogenesis. Besides, dietary n-3 PUFAs seem to play an important protecting role against the adverse symptoms of the Plurimetabolic syndrome. This review highlights some recent advances in the understanding of metabolic and molecular mechanisms concerning the effect of dietary PUFAs (fish oil) and focuses on the prevention and/or improvement of dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, impaired glucose homeostasis, diabetes and obesity in experimental animal models, with some extension to humans.