Fungal Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics: Current Concepts and Future Challenges |
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Authors: | Agostinho Carvalho,Cláudio Duarte-Oliveira,Samuel M. Gonçalves,António Campos Suffix" >Jr.,João F. Lacerda,Cristina Cunha |
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Affiliation: | 1.Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine,University of Minho,Braga,Portugal;2.ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory,Braga/Guimar?es,Portugal;3.Servi?o de Transplanta??o de Medula óssea (STMO),Instituto Português de Oncologia do Porto,Porto,Portugal;4.Instituto de Medicina Molecular,Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa,Lisboa,Portugal;5.Servi?o de Hematologia e Transplanta??o de Medula,Hospital de Santa Maria,Lisboa,Portugal |
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Abstract: | Purpose of reviewThe remarkable advances in modern medicine have paradoxically resulted in a rapidly expanding population of immunocompromised patients displaying extreme susceptibility to life-threatening fungal infections. There are currently no licensed vaccines, and the prophylaxis and therapy of fungal infections in at-risk individuals remains challenging, contributing to undesirable mortality and morbidity rates. The design of successful antifungal preventive approaches has been hampered by an insufficient understanding of the dynamics of the host-fungus interaction and the mechanisms that underlie heterogenous immune responses to vaccines and immunotherapy.Recent findingsRecent advances in proteomics and glycomics have contributed to the identification of candidate antigens for use in subunit vaccines, novel adjuvants, and delivery systems to boost the efficacy of protective vaccination responses that are becoming available, and several targets are being exploited in immunotherapeutic approaches.SummaryWe review some of the emerging concepts as well as the inherent challenges to the development of fungal vaccines and immunotherapies to protect at-risk individuals. |
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