Phylogenetic relationships of silver crucian carp in Carassius auratus complex based on mtDNA analysis

The phylogenetic relationships of Carassius genus subspecies were investigated based on the data of the variability of nucleotide sequences of the mtDNA cytochrome b (cyt b) and control region (CR). Dendrograms constructed based on the BA, ML, NJ, and MP methods revealed five clusters of the congruent topologies that substantially corresponded to geographical localities and taxonomic conception of the C. auratus complex. An analysis of two mtDNA fragment topologies demonstrated that the island forms of Japanese crucian carps C. cuvieri and C. auratus langsdorfii diverged later compared to the divergence of continental C. auratus forms (4.0?C4.5 mln years ago, by molecular calibration). Among the continental silver crucian carps, C. a. gibelio forms two clusters corresponding to two phylogroups with a mean uncorrected genetic distance p = 0.044. The genealogical combination of haplotypes with the first C. a. gibelio phylogroup was observed in C. auratus clade. According to the data of mtDNA analysis, these subspecies represent sister lineages with a level of intergroup divergence of p = 0.022?C0.036. No genetic differences were observed between diploid (except for the two C. a. gibelio phylogroups) and polyploid C a. auratus, as well as monophyly in polyploid forms. New approaches based on a comparative study of the nuclear markers might help to unravel the origin of gynogenetic forms and phylogenetic relationships within the C. auratus complex.