The slow force response to stretch in atrial and ventricular myocardium from human heart: functional relevance and subcellular mechanisms |
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Authors: | Kockskämper Jens von Lewinski Dirk Khafaga Mounir Elgner Andreas Grimm Michael Eschenhagen Thomas Gottlieb Philip A Sachs Frederick Pieske Burkert |
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Affiliation: | Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, Graz, Austria. |
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Abstract: | Mechanical load is an important regulator of cardiac force. Stretching human atrial and ventricular trabeculae elicited a biphasic force increase: an immediate increase (Frank-Starling mechanism) followed by a further slow increase (slow force response, SFR). In ventricle, the SFR was unaffected by AT- and ET-receptor antagonism, by inhibition of protein-kinase-C, PI-3-kinase, and NO-synthase, but attenuated by inhibition of Na+/H+- (NHE) and Na+/Ca2+ exchange (NCX). In atrium, however, neither NHE- nor NCX-inhibition affected the SFR. Stretch elicited a large NHE-dependent [Na+]i increase in ventricle but only a small, NHE-independent [Na+]i increase in atrium. Stretch-activated non-selective cation channels contributed to basal force development in atrium but not ventricle and were not involved in the SFR in either tissue. Interestingly, inhibition of AT receptors or pre-application of angiotensin II or endothelin-1 reduced the atrial SFR. Furthermore, stretch increased phosphorylation of atrial myosin light chain 2 (MLC2) and inhibition of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) attenuated the SFR in atrium and ventricle. Thus, in human heart both atrial and ventricular myocardium exhibit a stretch-dependent SFR that might serve to adjust cardiac output to increased workload. In ventricle, there is a robust NHE-dependent (but angiotensin II- and endothelin-1-independent) [Na+]i increase that is translated into a [Ca2+]i and force increase via NCX. In atrium, on the other hand, there is an angiotensin II- and endothelin-dependent (but NHE- and NCX-independent) force increase. Increased myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity through MLCK-induced phosphorylation of MLC2 is a novel mechanism contributing to the SFR in both atrium and ventricle. |
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Keywords: | Stretch Human myocardium Slow force response Atrium Ventricle Sodium |
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