Functional trait variation of forest understorey plant communities across Europe |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, BE-9090 Gontrode-Melle, Belgium;2. UR «Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés» (EDYSAN, UMR 7058 CNRS-UPJV), Jules Verne University of Picardie, 1 Rue des Louvels, F-80037 Amiens, France;3. Ecosystem Restoration and Intervention Ecology (ERIE) Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35, Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia;4. Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, D-07743 Jena, Germany;5. UMR 1201 DYNAFOR, INRA, Chemin de Borde Rouge, CS 52627, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France;6. Southern Sweden Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 49, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden;7. Biogeography and Geomatics, Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, SE-106091 Stockholm, Sweden;8. Vegetation Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Ecology, FB2, University of Bremen, Leobener Str., D-28359 Bremen, Germany;9. Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany;10. Institute of Biochemstry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Maulbeerallee 3, D-14469 Potsdam, Germany;11. Division Forest, Nature and Landscape Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Celestijnenlaan 200E, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium;12. Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, EE-51005 Tartu, Estonia;13. Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Strasse 84, D-15374 Müncheberg, Germany;1. School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, via Pontoni 5, I-62032 Camerino (MC), Italy;2. Department of Sciences, University of RomaTre, viale Marconi 446, I-00146 Rome (RM), Italy;3. School of Advanced Studies, University of Camerino, via Lili 55, I-62032 Camerino (MC), Italy;1. School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, Plant Diversity and Ecosystems Management Unit, University of Camerino, Via Pontoni 5, I-62032 Camerino, MC, Italy;2. The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany, 135 Dukelská, CZ-37982, Třeboň, Czech Republic;3. Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, I-39100 Bozen, Italy;4. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Florence, Piazzale Cascine 15, I-50144 Firenze, Italy;5. CREA Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Piazza Nicolini 6, I-38100 Trento, Italy;6. Institute of Ecology and Botany, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, H-2163 Vácrátót, Hungary;7. GINOP Sustainable Ecosystems Group, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, H-8237 Tihany, Klebelsberg Kuno u. 3. Hungary;8. Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy;1. Forest & Nature Lab, Campus Gontrode, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, 9090 Melle-Gontrode, Belgium;2. School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia;3. Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany;4. Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Havenlaan 88 bus 73, 1000 Brussel, Belgium;5. Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 49, 230 53 Alnarp, Sweden;6. Department of Vegetation Ecology, Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Lidická 25/27, CZ-657 20 Brno, Czech Republic;7. Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic;8. Unité de recherche “Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés” (EDYSAN, UMR 7058 CNRS-UPJV), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1 rue des Louvels, F-80037 Amiens Cedex 1, France;9. Vegetation Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Ecology, FB 2, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 5, DE-28359 Bremen, Germany;10. Department of Ecology, University of Rzeszów, ul. Rejtana 16C, PL-35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;11. General Botany, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Maulbeerallee 3, DE-14469 Potsdam, Germany;12. Wageningen Environmental Research (Alterra), P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands;13. Białowieża Geobotanical Station, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, ul. Sportowa 19, 17-230 Białowieża, Poland;14. Department of GIS and Remote Sensing, Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic;15. Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, CZ-165 00 Prague 6 – Suchdol, Czech Republic;p. Technical University in Zvolen, Faculty of Forestry, T. G. Masaryka 24, 960 53 Zvolen, Slovakia;q. National Forest Centre, T. G. Masaryka 22, 960 92 Zvolen, Slovakia;r. Botany Department and Trinity Centre for Biodiversity Research, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland;s. Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Straße 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany;t. Department of Botany, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, Kanonia 6/8, PL-50-328 Wrocław, Poland;u. Department Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany;v. Museum of Natural History, University of Wrocław, Sienkiewicza 21, PL-50-335 Wroclaw, Poland;1. Department of Environmental Biology, University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;2. Department of Sciences, University ‘Roma Tre’, Viale Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy;3. Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Via G. Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy;4. Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy;5. Research Department, Meise Botanic Garden, Nieuwelaan 38, 1860 Meise, Belgium;6. Service Général de L’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique, Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles, rue A. Lavallée 1, 1080 Brussels, Belgium;7. Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Biogeochemistry, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP 244, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;1. Forest & Nature Lab, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium;2. Isotope Bioscience Laboratory-ISOFYS, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium;3. Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden;4. Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden;5. Plant Biodiversity Lab, University of Picardy Jules Verne, Amiens, France;6. Vegetation Ecology and Conservation Biology, Faculty of Biology/Chemistry (FB 02), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany;7. Department of Botany, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia;8. Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany;9. Department of Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland;10. School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn University, Huddinge, Sweden;1. Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Campus Gontrode, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, 9090 Melle-Gontrode, Belgium;2. Ecosystem Restoration and Intervention Ecology Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia |
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| Abstract: | Global environmental changes are expected to alter the functional characteristics of understorey herb-layer communities, potentially affecting forest ecosystem functioning. However, little is known about what drives the variability of functional traits in forest understories. Here, we assessed the role of different environmental drivers in shaping the functional trait distribution of understorey herbs in fragmented forests across three spatial scales. We focused on 708 small, deciduous forest patches located in 16 agricultural landscape windows, spanning a 2500-km macroclimatic gradient across the temperate forest biome in Europe. We estimated the relative effect of patch-scale, landscape-scale and macroclimatic variables on the community mean and variation of plant height, specific leaf area and seed mass. Macroclimatic variables (monthly temperature and precipitation extremes) explained the largest proportion of variation in community trait means (on average 77% of the explained variation). In contrast, patch-scale factors dominated in explaining community trait variation (on average 68% of the explained variation). Notably, patch age, size and internal heterogeneity had a positive effect on the community-level variability. Landscape-scale variables explained only a minor part of the variation in both trait distribution properties. The variation explained by shared combinations of the variable groups was generally negligible. These findings highlight the importance of considering multiple spatial scales in predictions of environmental-change effects on the functionality of forest understories. We propose that forest management sustainability could benefit from conserving larger, historically continuous and internally heterogeneous forest patches to maximise ecosystem service diversity in rural landscapes. |
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| Keywords: | Agricultural landscapes Biogeography Community ecology Forest understorey Functional trait diversity Fragmentation Global environmental change Landscape connectivity Macroclimatic gradient Multi-scale analysis |
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