Palms tracking climate change |
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Authors: | Gian-Reto Walther Emmanuel S. Gritti Silje Berger Thomas Hickler Zhiyao Tang Martin T. Sykes |
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Affiliation: | Department of Plant Ecology, University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany,;Institute of Geobotany, University of Hannover, Nienburger Str. 17, D-30167 Hannover, Germany,;Geobiosphere Science Centre, Department of Physical Geography &Ecosystems Analysis, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, 22362 Lund, Sweden,;Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France,;Department of E cology, College of Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China |
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Abstract: | Aim Many species are currently expanding their ranges in response to climate change, but the mechanisms underlying these range expansions are in many cases poorly understood. In this paper we explore potential climatic factors governing the recent establishment of new palm populations far to the north of any other viable palm population in the world. Location Southern Switzerland, Europe, Asia and the world. Methods We identified ecological threshold values for the target species, Trachycarpus fortunei , based on gridded climate data, altitude and distributional records from the native range and applied them to the introduced range using local field monitoring and measured meteorological data as well as a bioclimatic model. Results We identified a strong relationship between minimum winter temperatures, influenced by growing season length and the distribution of the palm in its native range. Recent climate change strongly coincides with the palm's recent spread into southern Switzerland, which is in concert with the expansion of the global range of palms across various continents. Main conclusions Our results strongly suggest that the expansion of palms into (semi-)natural forests is driven by changes in winter temperature and growing season length and not by delayed population expansion. This implies that this rapid expansion is likely to continue in the future under a warming climate. Palms in general, and T. fortunei in particular, are significant bioindicators across continents for present-day climate change and reflect a global signal towards warmer conditions. |
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Keywords: | Arecaceae biogeography bioindicator exotic species global warming invasion northernmost palm population Ticino Trachycarpus fortunei vegetation shift. |
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