Potential genotoxic,mutagenic and antimutagenic effects of coffee: A review |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Clinical Center of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA;2. Frank H. Netter SOM, Quinnipiac University, North Haven, CT 06473, USA;3. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Bethesda, MD 20814, USA;4. Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), Bethesda, MD 20814, USA;5. Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD 20814, USA;6. Diagnostic Radiology Department, NIH Clinical Center (CC), Bethesda, MD 20814, USA;7. Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Bethesda, MD 20814, USA;2. Izmir Tepecik Education and Research Hospital Head and Neck Surgery Clinic, Izmir, Turkey;3. Izmir Tepecik Education and Research Hospital Radiology Clinic, Izmir, Turkey;4. Izmir Tepecik Education and Research Hospital Microbiology and immunology Clinic, Izmir, Turkey;1. Fatih Sultan Mehmet Education and Research Hospital, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Istanbul, Turkey;2. Fatih Sultan Mehmet Education and Research Hospital, Department of Radiology, Istanbul, Turkey;3. Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Ankara, Turkey;4. Trakya University Hospital, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Edirne, Turkey |
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| Abstract: | Coffee and caffeine are mutagenic to bacteria and fungi, and in high concentrations they are also mutagenic to mammalian cells in culture. However, the mutagenic effects of coffee disappear when bacteria or mammalian cells are cultured in the presence of liver extracts which contain detoxifying enzymes. In vivo, coffee and caffeine are devoid of mutagenic effects. Coffee and caffeine are able to interact with many other mutagens and their effects are synergistic with X-rays, ultraviolet light and some chemical agents. Caffeine seems to potentiate rather than to induce chromosomal aberrations and also to transform sublethal damage of mutagenic agents into lethal damage. Conversely, coffee and caffeine are also able to inhibit the mutagenic effects of numerous chemicals. These antimutagenic effects depend on the time of administration of coffee as compared to the acting time of the mutagenic agent. In that case, caffeine seems to be able to restore the normal cycle of mitosis and phosphorylation in irradiated cells. Finally, the potential genotoxic and mutagenic effects of the most important constituents of coffee are reviewed. Mutagenicity of caffeine is mainly attributed to chemically reactive components such as aliphatic dicarbonyls. The latter compounds, formed during the roasting process, are mutagenic to bacteria but less to mammalian cells. Hydrogen peroxide is not very active but seems to considerably enhance mutagenic properties of methylglyoxal. Phenolic compounds are not mutagenic but rather anticarcinogenic. Benzopyrene and mutagens formed during pyrolysis are not mutagenic whereas roasting of coffee beans at high temperature generates mutagenic heterocyclic amines. In conclusion, the mutagenic potential of coffee and caffeine has been demonstrated in lower organisms, but usually at doses several orders of magnitude greater than the estimated lethal dose for caffeine in humans. Therefore, the chances of coffee and caffeine consumption in moderate to normal amounts to induce mutagenic effects in humans are almost nonexistent. |
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