Review of the genotoxicity of nitrogen oxides |
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| Institution: | 1. Gradient, 600 Stewart Street, Suite 1900, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA;2. Gradient, 20 University Road, Suite 5, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA;1. Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan;2. Laboratory of Veterinary Histopathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-8508, Japan;3. Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan;1. Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States;2. Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States;1. UK Centre for Tobacco & Alcohol Studies, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK;1. University of Auckland, Devonport, Auckland 0624, New Zealand;1. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA;2. School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada |
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| Abstract: | Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are formed in combustion processes and are major pollutants in urban air. Relatively few studies on the genotoxicity of NO2 and NO have been performed. These studies indicate that NO2 is genotoxic in vitro, but the effect of NO seems to be very slight.One in vivo study showed chromosome aberrations and mutations in lung cells after inhalation of NO2 (and NO), but tests for chromosome aberrations in lymphocytes and spermatocytes or micronuclei in bone marrow were negative after inhalation of NO2. Based on present studies, there is no clear evidence of a carcinogenic potential of NO2, although lung adenomas were induced in the susceptible strain A/J mouse.The primary metabolites of NOx are nitrite and nitrate. Nitrate seems to be devoid of genotoxic properties, but nitrite is genotoxic in vitro, and there are also positive in vivo results. Cancer studies have been mainly negative. However, carcinogenic nitrosamines have been shown to be formed in vivo after inhalation of NO2.Nitrogen oxides are key components in atomospheric smog formation, which may lead to secondary effects. Strongly mutagenic nitro-PAH compounds are easily formed, and mutagenic reaction products may be formed photochemically from alkenes. |
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