Post-larval development of compound eyes and stemmata of Chaoborus crystallinus (De Geer, 1776) (Diptera : Chaoboridae): Stage-specific reconstructions within individual organs of vision |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Laboratory Medicine Saint John Regional Hospital, 400 University Avenue, Saint John New Brunswick, E2L 4L2, Canada;2. Dalhousie University, Faculty of Medicine, Halifax B3H 4R2, Nova Scotia, Canada;3. Buea General Hospital, Buea South West Province, Cameroon;1. Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Experimental Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha str., 90-237 Lodz, Poland;2. Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Natural History Museum, University of Lodz, 101 Kilińskiego str., 90-011 Lodz, Poland;1. Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;2. Graduate School, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;3. Institute of Legal Medicine, Forensic Biology/Entomology, Kennedyallee 104, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;4. Medical Science Research Equipment Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;1. Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa;2. Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Sweden;3. CT Scanner Facility, Central Analytical Facilities, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa;1. Departamento de Ciencias de La Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain;2. Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK;3. Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, WC1E 6BT, London, UK;4. Naturhistorisk Museum Aarhus, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark;5. Imaging and Analysis Centre, Natural History Museum, SW7 5BD, London, UK;1. Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt;2. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt |
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| Abstract: | During metamorphosis, the dioptric apparatus of the larval compound eye of Chaoborus crystallinus (Diptera : Nematocera) is radically reconstructed. The thin larval cornea of the ommatidia is replaced by strongly curved corneal lenses, and the eucone larval cone is replaced by an imaginal cone of the acone type. Curvature of the future lens is already apparent in very young pupae, in which the cornea consists only of a thin epicuticle with corneal nipples. Fibrillary cuticle is secreted by cone and primary pigment cells throughout pupal development. Lens formation is accompanied by movement of the nuclei of the accessory pigment cells. The larval cone disintegrates unexpectedly late in young, images. During late pupal development, 7 cone cell projections emerge. In contrast to the dioptric apparatus, the retinula cells and rhabdom remain almost unchanged during metamorphosis. The main refractive element of the larval ommatidium appears to be the cone, while that of the imaginal ommatidium is the corneal lens. In addition to the compound eyes, the pairs of stemmata are retained during the whole post-larval development. Pupal stemmata show no structural differences from the larval stemmata. The stemmata are still present in 2-day-old images (“retained stemmata”), but the primary stemma loses its dioptric apparatus and is proximally relocated to the basal region of the compound eye. The reconstructions in the visual system of Chaoborus, which occur during ontogeny, are probably connected with the change from aquatic living larvae to aerial adults, and appear to fulfill stage-specific needs of vision. |
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