无居民海岛开发生态损害评估——以象山县大羊屿岛为例

无居民海岛独特的生态系统和地理位置决定了受损后的修复成本极高、开发难度极大，其保护与开发已经成为国内外学界关注的重点。基于海岛生态系统服务价值理论构建了无居民海岛开发的生态损害评估模型，以我国首个公开拍卖使用权的大羊屿岛为例验证模型的科学性和可行性，并与2018年调整后的无居民海岛使用金征收标准中生态损害成本额度进行对比分析。研究结果表明：（1）大羊屿岛开发的生态损害补偿金为1644.82万元。其中，陆域开发行为所需的生态损害补偿金为890.19万元，高于海洋开发行为所造成的生态损害补偿金；（2）通过本文计算的海岛陆域生态损害补偿金高出现行海岛使用金标准中的生态损害成本371.90万元，2018年旅游用岛使用金征收标准仍有上调空间。对无居民海岛开发的生态损害评估可以增强政府和企业对于海岛资源的保护意识，重新权衡无居民海岛开发的利弊，避免对海岛资源过度和盲目的开发。

Ecological damage compensation for uninhabited island development: a case study of Dayangyu Island

With the rapid development of China''s marine economy, the exploitation of uninhabited islands has received the increased attention. At the moment, governments and businesses frequently overexploit the uninhabited islands, resulting in serious damage to the island''s resources and environment. The uninhabited islands'' unique ecosystem and geographical location contribute to their high restoration costs following damage. The protection and exploitation of uninhabited islands drew the attention of academic world both domestically and internationally. This article establishes an ecological damage assessment model (EDAM) for the development of uninhabited islands based on the theory of island ecosystem service value (IESV). From the perspective of land-sea coordination, the EDAM fully considers different development behaviors that might disturb marine and terrestrial ecosystems on uninhabited islands. The EDAM is suitable for the pre-assessment of the development behaviors of uninhabited islands. Dayangyu island, China''s first public auction of use rights, is used to demonstrate the model''s scientific validity and feasibility. Additionally, the paper calculates the cost of ecological damage to the uninhabited islands using the adjusted collection standard of fund in 2018 and compares it to the cost of uninhabited islands exploitation damage compensation calculated in this paper. The findings indicate that:(1) the ecological damage compensation for Dayangyu island exploitation is 16.45 million yuan. Among them, the ecological damage compensation required for land exploitation is 8.90 million yuan, which is greater than the ecological damage compensation required for marine exploitation; (2) the land ecological damage compensation calculated in this paper has a highly ecological damage cost of 3.72 million yuan. In 2018, there was still room to increase the collection standard for tourism island use. Although the collection standard of uninhabited island use fee in 2018 includes the cost of ecological damage, the ecological damage cost in the collection standard of uninhabited island use fee fails to fully reflect the impact of exploitation on the terrestrial ecosystem. At present, the implementation of the ecological damage compensation system for the development of uninhabited islands is not only feasible in theory, but also necessary in practice. An effective assessment of ecological damages caused by uninhabited island exploitation is the foundation of a system of island ecological damage compensation that requires the damaging party to bear the cost. With a compensation system in place, it will force both governments and enterprises to carefully weigh the benefits and costs of uninhabited island exploitation so as to avoid excessive and rash development of island resources.