1H‐NMR Based Metabolomics Profiling of Citrus Juices Produced in Veracruz,México |
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Authors: | Nemesio Villa‐Ruano,Nury P rez‐Hern ndez,L. Gerardo Zepeda‐Vallejo,Tayde Quiroz‐Acosta,Aar n Mendieta‐Moctezuma,C sar Montoya‐Garcí a,Marco L. Garcí a‐Nava,Elvia Becerra‐Martí nez |
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Affiliation: | Nemesio Villa‐Ruano,Nury Pérez‐Hernández,L. Gerardo Zepeda‐Vallejo,Tayde Quiroz‐Acosta,Aarón Mendieta‐Moctezuma,César Montoya‐García,Marco L. García‐Nava,Elvia Becerra‐Martínez |
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Abstract: | This study describes the 1H‐NMR‐based metabolomics profiling of juices from citrus fruits harvested in the state of Veracruz, México. The hydrophilic profile of commercial lemons (Agrio and Persian), tangerines (Fremont and Mónica), oranges (Valencia and Washington Navel), and grapefruits (Red Ruby and Rio Red) was determined. According to our results, 35 metabolites were identified in the 1H‐NMR profiling. The statistical differences obtained by PCA and OPLS‐DA revealed that specific amino acids, sugars, and organic acids were differential metabolites in the species and cultivars studied. High endogenous levels of sucrose (10–190 mM), α‐glucose, β‐glucose (α‐ and β‐isomers, 40–205 mm ), and fructose (36–170 mm ) were detected in the juices of grapefruits, oranges, and tangerines, whereas citric acid (40–530 mm ) was the principal organic acid in the juices of lemons. To calculate the specific amounts of metabolites from these species and their cultivars, the results were finely analyzed using the qNMR method. According to these calculations, Valencia oranges had the highest concentration of ascorbic acid (>2 mm ). The described 1H‐NMR method is highly reproducible, inexpensive, and highly robust in comparison to other analytical methods used to determine the hydrophilic profile of citrus juices. |
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Keywords: | Citrus sp. metabolomics principal component analysis nuclear magnetic resonance analytical methods |
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