Etiology and symptomatology of chalkbrood in the alfalfa leafcutting bee,Megachile rotundata

Aseptically reared larvae of the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata, are susceptible to infection by spores but not mycelial cultures of Ascosphaera aggregata when introduced per os. The symptoms and signs of chalkbrood vary, depending upon host age at inoculation. Larvae inoculated early in life did not undergo the internal color changes after death that characterized larvae inoculated later. A longer time to death was also evident among larvae inoculated at an early age. Changes in the aerobic state of the host gut at the molt to the fourth instar may account for the difference in average time to death.