Combined use of 13C- and 19F-NMR to analyse the mode of action and the metabolism of the herbicide isoxaflutole |
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| Institution: | 1. Karolinska Institute, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Stockholm, Sweden;2. Karolinska University Hospital, Department of Medical Radiation Physics and Nuclear Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden;3. School of Community and Global Health, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, United States;4. Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States |
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| Abstract: | 13C-Nuclear magnetic resonance was used to characterize the effects of the trifluoromethyl herbicide isoxaflutole on plant metabolism. A specific accumulation of tyrosine and phenylalanine in pea leaves was observed after treatment with this herbicide, consistent with an inhibition of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD), an enzyme involved in plastoquinone and tocopherol synthesis and the known target of isoxaflutole. 19F-NMR permitted the analysis of the uptake and degradation of isoxaflutole, with detection limits around 1 μM in perchloric acid extracts. Isoxaflutole was incorporated and transformed to an active diketonitrile derivative, which further underwent degradation to an inactive benzoic acid derivative. |
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