Anti-inflammatory activity of halogenated secondary metabolites of Laurencia snackeyi (Weber-van Bosse) Masuda in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages |
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Authors: | Charles Santhanaraju Vairappan Takashi Kamada Won-Woo Lee You-Jin Jeon |
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Institution: | 1. Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, 88440, Sabah, Malaysia 2. School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, 690-756, Republic of Korea
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Abstract: | Secondary metabolites of tropical seaweed are proven to exhibit variety of biological activities. Six species of seaweed (Caulerpa racemosa var. laete-virens, Caulerpa sertularioides f. longipes, Halymenia dilatata, Laurencia snackeyi, Padina boryana, and Sargassum swartzii) were tested for anti-inflammatory activity in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Crude L. snackeyi extract exhibit potent activity, and upon bioassay-guided isolation, it contained four halogenated compounds that exert profound inhibitory effects against nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. These compounds were subjected to spectroscopic measurements and were identified as palisadin A (1), aplysistatin (2), 5-acetoxypalisadin B (3), and palisol (4). Further experiments showed aplysistatin (2) to significantly inhibit NO production and prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) production, and suppress inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Therefore, aplysistatin (2) is suggested to inhibit NO and PGE2 production via the inhibition of iNOS and COX-2, indicating that its activity may be attributed to the modulation of anti-inflammatory agents. |
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