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A hyperelastic biphasic fibre-reinforced model of articular cartilage considering distributed collagen fibre orientations: continuum basis,computational aspects and applications
Authors:David M Pierce  Tim Ricken  Gerhard A Holzapfel
Institution:1. Institute of Biomechanics, Center of Biomedical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Kronesgasse 5-I, 8010, Graz, Austriapierce@tugraz.at;3. Institute of Mechanics, Statics and Dynamics, Faculty of Architecture and Civil Engineering, TU Dortmund University, August-Schmidt-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany;4. Institute of Biomechanics, Center of Biomedical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Kronesgasse 5-I, 8010, Graz, Austria;5. Department of Solid Mechanics, School of Engineering Sciences, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Osquars Backe 1, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden
Abstract:Cartilage is a multi-phase material composed of fluid and electrolytes (68–85% by wet weight), proteoglycans (5–10% by wet weight), chondrocytes, collagen fibres and other glycoproteins. The solid phase constitutes an isotropic proteoglycan gel and a fibre network of predominantly type II collagen, which provides tensile strength and mechanical stiffness. The same two components control diffusion of the fluid phase, e.g. as visualised by diffusion tensor MRI: (i) the proteoglycan gel (giving a baseline isotropic diffusivity) and (ii) the highly anisotropic collagenous fibre network. We propose a new constitutive model and finite element implementation that focus on the essential load-bearing morphology: an incompressible, poroelastic solid matrix reinforced by an inhomogeneous, dispersed fibre fabric, which is saturated with an incompressible fluid residing in strain-dependent pores of the collagen–proteoglycan solid matrix. The inhomogeneous, dispersed fibre fabric of the solid further influences the fluid permeability, as well as an intrafibrillar portion that cannot be ‘squeezed out’ from the tissue. Using representative numerical examples on the mechanical response of cartilage, we reproduce several features that have been demonstrated experimentally in the cartilage mechanics literature.
Keywords:cartilage  constitutive modelling  finite element simulation  collagen fibre  biphasic  homogenisation
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