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Circadian clock of Drosophila montana is adapted to high variation in summer day lengths and temperatures prevailing at high latitudes
Institution:1. Centre for Mathematics, Physics and Engineering in the Life Sciences and Experimental Biology (CoMPLEX), University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;2. Ear Institute, University College London, London WC1X 8EE, UK;3. Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, University College London, London W1T 4JG, UK;4. Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;1. Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA;2. Medical Scientist Training Program, James Franck Institute, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA;3. Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;4. Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;5. Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA;6. Department of Mathematical Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA;1. Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK;2. Department of Evolutionary & Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
Abstract:Photoperiodic regulation of the circadian rhythms in insect locomotor activity has been studied in several species, but seasonal entrainment of these rhythms is still poorly understood. We have traced the entrainment of activity rhythm of northern Drosophila montana flies in a climate chamber mimicking the photoperiods and day and night temperatures that the flies encounter in northern Finland during the summer. The experiment was started by transferring freshly emerged females into the chamber in early and late summer conditions to obtain both non-diapausing and diapausing females for the studies. The locomotor activity of the females and daily changes in the expression levels of two core circadian clock genes, timeless and period, in their heads were measured at different times of summer. The study revealed several features in fly rhythmicity that are likely to help the flies to cope with high variation in the day length and temperature typical to northern summers. First, both the non-diapausing and the diapausing females showed evening activity, which decreased towards the short day length as observed in the autumn in nature. Second, timeless and period genes showed concordant daily oscillations and seasonal shifts in their expression level in both types of females. Contrary to Drosophila melanogaster, oscillation profiles of these genes were similar to each other in all conditions, including the extremely long days in early summer and the cool temperatures in late summer, and their peak expression levels were not locked to lights-off transition in any photoperiod. Third, the diapausing females were less active than the non-diapausing ones, in spite of their younger age. Overall, the study showed that D. montana clock functions well under long day conditions, and that both the photoperiod and the daily temperature cycles are important zeitgebers for seasonal changes in the circadian rhythm of this species.
Keywords:Seasonal adaptation  Photoperiod  Temperature  Circadian clock  D"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"k0040"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"diapausing female  DD"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"k0050"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"constant darkness  E peak"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"k0060"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"evening locomotor activity peak  LD"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"k0070"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"light dark cycle  LL"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"k0080"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"continuous light  M peak"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"k0090"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"morning locomotor activity peak  ND"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"k0100"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"non-diapausing female  ZT"}  {"#name":"keyword"  "$":{"id":"k0110"}  "$$":[{"#name":"text"  "_":"Zeitgeber Time: environmental signal that adjust the circadian clock of the individual
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