Climate change,nutrition and immunity: Effects of elevated CO2 and temperature on the immune function of an insect herbivore |
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| Institution: | 1. Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia;2. School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia;1. State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China;2. Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Department of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China;1. State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China;2. Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK;3. Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1, Beichen West Road, Beijing 100101, China;4. Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China;1. Biocontrol and Insect Pathology Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, School of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran;2. Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, 21 111 Lakeshore Rd, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada;1. Instituto de Ecología AC (INECOL), Xalapa, Veracruz 91070, Mexico;2. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Campo Experimental Río Bravo, Río Bravo, Tamaulipas 88900, Mexico;3. Bioinsecticidas Microbianos, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Universidad Pública de Navarra-CSIC, Mutilva 31192, Spain;1. Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-230 53, Alnarp, Sweden;2. Department of Neuroethology and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany;3. Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany;1. Department of Applied Zoology, Dahlem Plant Research Centre, Freie Universität Berlin, Haderslebener Str. 9, D-12163, Berlin, Germany;2. Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany |
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| Abstract: | Balanced nutrition is fundamental to health and immunity. For herbivorous insects, nutrient-compositional shifts in host plants due to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations and temperature may compromise this balance. Therefore, understanding their immune responses to such shifts is vital if we are to predict the outcomes of climate change for plant–herbivore–parasitoid and pathogen interactions. We tested the immune response of Paropsis atomaria Olivier (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) feeding on Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. seedlings exposed to elevated CO2 (640 μmol mol−1; CE) and temperature (ambient plus 4 °C; TE). Larvae were immune-challenged with a nylon monofilament in order to simulate parasitoid or pathogen attack without other effects of actual parasitism or pathology. The cellular (in vivo melanisation) and humoral (in vitro phenoloxidase PO activity) immune responses were assessed, and linked to changes in leaf chemistry. CE reduced foliar nitrogen (N) concentrations and increased C:N ratios and concentrations of total phenolics. The humoral response was reduced at CE. PO activity and haemolymph protein concentrations decreased at CE, while haemolymph protein concentrations were positively correlated with foliar N concentrations. However, the cellular response increased at CE and this was not correlated with any foliar traits. Immune parameters were not impacted by TE. Our study revealed that opposite cellular and humoral immune responses occurred as a result of plant-mediated effects at CE. In contrast, elevated temperatures within the tested range had minimal impact on immune responses. These complex interactions may alter the outcomes of parasitoid and pathogen attack in future climates. |
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| Keywords: | Climate change Encapsulation Eucalypt Immune system Nutrition Phenoloxidase Tritrophic interactions |
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