The synapsins: multitask modulators of neuronal development |
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Authors: | Valtorta Flavia Pozzi Davide Benfenati Fabio Fornasiero Eugenio F |
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Affiliation: | aSan Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute University, Via Olgettina 58, Milano, Italy;bDepartment of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, The Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, Genova, Italy;cDepartment of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, Genova, Italy |
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Abstract: | Neurons are examples of specialized cells that evolved the extraordinary ability to transmit electrochemical information in complex networks of interconnected cells. During their development, neurons undergo precisely regulated processes that define their lineage, positioning, morphogenesis and pattern of activity. The events leading to the establishment of functional neuronal networks follow a number of key steps, including asymmetric cell division from neuronal precursors, migration, establishment of polarity, neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis. Synapsins are a family of abundant neuronal phosphoproteins that have been extensively studied for their role in the regulation of neurotransmission in presynaptic terminals. Beside their implication in the homeostasis of adult cells, synapsins influence the development of young neurons, interacting with cytoskeletal and vesicular components and regulating their dynamics. Although the exact molecular mechanisms determining synapsin function in neuronal development are still largely unknown, in this review we summarize the most important literature on the subject, providing a conceptual framework for the progress of present and future research. |
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Keywords: | Abbreviations: CaMK, Ca2+/CaMK-dependent protein kinase PKA, cAMP-dependent protein kinase MAPK, mitogen-associated protein kinase P-site, phosphorylation target site KO, knockout Syn, synapsin SV, synaptic vesicle WT, wild type |
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