Lipoproteins may provide fatty acids necessary for human lymphocyte proliferation by both low density lipoprotein receptor-dependent and -independent mechanisms

Human lymphocytes respond optimally to mitogenic stimulation when cultured in serum-free medium supplemented with transferrin if fatty acids necessary for maximal proliferation are provided. Either lipoproteins or exogenous fatty acids support optimal lymphocyte responses. The current studies examined the role of cell surface receptors for low density lipoprotein (LDL) in the enhancement of lymphocyte proliferation. Support of lymphocyte growth by limiting concentrations of LDL was found to involve interaction of the lipoprotein with LDL receptors. Thus, modification of LDL by reductive methylation so as to inhibit receptor-mediated interactions markedly decreased the capacity of LDL to enhance lymphocyte proliferation. Moreover, growth of lymphocytes obtained from patients with LDL receptor-negative homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia was minimal when cultures were supplemented with low concentrations of LDL (less than 10 micrograms cholesterol/ml). LDL also enhanced lymphocyte proliferation by a receptor-independent mechanism since high concentrations (greater than or equal to 50 micrograms cholesterol/ml) supported growth of both normal and familial hypercholesterolemia lymphocytes. In contrast, support of lymphocyte proliferation by high density lipoprotein (HDL) subclass 3 was completely independent of LDL receptors. Thus, HDL3 enhanced responses of both normal and familial hypercholesterolemia lymphocytes in an equivalent concentration-dependent manner; this effect was not altered by reductive methylation of HDL3. One function of lipoproteins in this system may be the provision of fatty acids since oleic and linoleic acids enhanced DNA synthesis by both normal and familial hypercholesterolemia lymphocytes in the absence of lipoproteins. These results indicate that lipoproteins may provide fatty acids necessary for optimal proliferation of human lymphocytes by both LDL receptor-mediated and LDL receptor-independent interactions.