Oral exudate as a mediator of behavior in larval eastern and western spruce budworms (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) |
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Authors: | L. M. Poirier J. H. Borden |
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Affiliation: | (1) Centre for Pest Management, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, V5A 1S6 Burnaby, B.C., Canada |
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Abstract: | The production of oral exudate by larval eastern and western spruce budworms,Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) andChoristoneura occidentalis Free., respectively, was investigated in the laboratory. All larvae except those entering into a molt exhibited aggressive behavior and produced exudate in response to handling or intraspecific encounters. Larvae could be induced to produce exudate up to four times over 2–3 min and produced an average of 1.92±0.04 µl (X ± SE) per induction. Larvae on foliage spent much of their time maintaining their silken feeding tunnel, including spinning and combing silk and removing frass. Exposure to conspecific oral exudate deposited inside the tunnel, or released by agitated larvae inside the tunnel, increased the proportion of larvae that dispersed away from the tunnels and, apparently, increased the larval sensitivity to disturbances. The behavior induced by the oral exudate indicates that it acts as an epideictic (spacing) pheromone. |
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Keywords: | Choristoneura fumiferana Choristoneura occidentalis spruce budworm oral exudate regurgitant dispersal |
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