Synthesis,in vitro and in vivo giardicidal activity of nitrothiazole-NSAID chimeras displaying broad antiprotozoal spectrum |
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Authors: | Blanca Colín-Lozano Ismael León-Rivera Manuel Jesús Chan-Bacab Benjamín Otto Ortega-Morales Rosa Moo-Puc Vanessa López-Guerrero Emanuel Hernández-Núñez Raúl Argüello-Garcia Thomas Scior Elizabeth Barbosa-Cabrera Gabriel Navarrete-Vázquez |
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Institution: | 1. Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, Mexico;2. Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, Mexico;3. Departamento de Microbiología Ambiental y Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Campeche 24039, Mexico;4. Unidad de Investigación Médica Yucatán, IMSS Mérida, Yucatán 97000, Mexico;5. Facultad de Nutrición, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, Mexico;6. Cátedra CONACyT, Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Mérida, 97310 Yucatán, Mexico;7. Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City 07360, Mexico;8. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Puebla 72000, Mexico;9. Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, IPN, Mexico City 11340, Mexico |
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Abstract: | We designed and synthesized five new 5-nitrothiazole-NSAID chimeras as analogues of nitazoxanide, using a DCC-activated amidation. Compounds 1–5 were tested in vitro against a panel of five protozoa: 2 amitochondriates (Giardia intestinalis, Trichomonas vaginalis) and 3 kinetoplastids (Leishmania mexicana, Leishmania amazonensis and Trypanosoma cruzi). All chimeras showed broad spectrum and potent antiprotozoal activities, with IC50 values ranging from the low micromolar to nanomolar order. Compounds 1–5 were even more active than metronidazole and nitazoxanide, two marketed first-line drugs against giardiasis. In particular, compound 4 (an indomethacin hybrid) was one of the most potent of the series, inhibiting G. intestinalis growth in vitro with an IC50 of 0.145 μM. Compound 4 was 38-times more potent than metronidazole and 8-times more active than nitazoxanide. The in vivo giardicidal effect of 4 was evaluated in a CD-1 mouse model obtaining a median effective dose of 1.709 μg/kg (3.53 nmol/kg), a 321-fold and 1015-fold increase in effectiveness after intragastric administration over metronidazole and nitazoxanide, respectively. Compounds 1 and 3 (hybrids of ibuprofen and clofibric acid), showed potent giardicidal activities in the in vitro as well as in the in vivo assays after oral administration. Therefore, compounds 1–5 constitute promising drug candidates for further testing in experimental chemotherapy against giardiasis, trichomoniasis, leishmaniasis and even trypanosomiasis infections. |
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Keywords: | Antiparasitic Nitazoxanide Drug discovery Giardia |
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