煤矸石山生态恢复的主要路径

煤矿开采过程伴随着大量煤矸石和废弃物的堆积，对当地生态环境造成巨大危害，恢复受损煤矿区煤矸石山生态系统成为近年来研究的热点。目前，许多研究者从煤矸石山土壤和植被恢复技术、监督管理等方面进行归纳总结，各有侧重地提出相应恢复措施，对于指导当地生态恢复实践发挥了重要作用。然而，绝大部分研究综述均未深入分析煤矸石山生态恢复过程中的关键问题，同时也未从生态系统的整体性和长期稳定性考虑设置恢复路径。基于此，通过梳理前人研究成果，归纳出煤矸石山恢复过程中的地质安全、土壤环境、植被恢复、种群繁衍、生态系统稳定等方面关键问题，从恢复前后逻辑关系和生态系统整体性考虑，设计出边坡稳定性处理及整形、土地复垦、物种选择、人工建植、土壤种子库形成、种群繁衍与更新、生态系统健康和稳定性评价、补充措施等一整套煤矸石山生态恢复的主要路径和方法，对煤矸石山生态系统恢复的基本途径从六个方面进行了总结，同时提出存在的问题和未来需要进一步研究的方向，为煤矸石山生态系统恢复实践提供重要理论指导。

Major paths of ecological restoration of coal mine spoils

The process of coal mining accompanied with the cumulative coal gob and other residues causes great damage to local ecological environment. It has become a research hotspot to restore the ecosystem of coal mine spoils in the damaged coal mining areas in recent years. At present, many studies focused on soil and vegetation restoration technology, supervision and management of coal mine spoils, and put forward corresponding restoration measures according to different objectives. These efforts have played an important role to guide the practical activity of the ecological restoration. However, most reviews did not deeply analyze the key problems in the process of the ecological recovery of coal mine spoils, and also did not set the restoration paths based on considering of the integrity and long-term stability of the ecosystem. Thus, by summarizing the previous research results, analyzing the key problems such as geological safety, soil environment, vegetation restoration, reproduction, and ecosystem stability in the process of restoring coal mine spoils, meanwhile, considering the successively logical relationship of restoration courses and ecosystem integrity, this study designed a set of major paths and methods of the ecological restoration of coal mine spoils including slope stability treatment and reshaping, land reclamation, species selection, artificial revegetation, soil seed bank formation, population reproduction and renewal, ecosystem health and stability evaluation, supplementary measures, etc. In conclusion, this study summarizes the basic ways of ecosystem restoration of coal mine spoils from six aspects. Successively, the order is (1) evaluation of geological safety risks of coal mine spoils by selecting the appropriate indicators such as mechanics indexes, meteorological indexes, physical indexes, etc, (2) land reclamation for reducing the geological safety risks and creating favorable soil environment of vegetation growth, (3) improvement of soil quality by topsoil replacement and other methods like fertilizing and using soil amendments, (4) revegetation for high values of plant coverage and biomass by selection of appropriate species and cultivation approaches, (5) population reproduction and renewal by increasing the number of vegetative propagules, improving seed maturity and migration spread, and creating the high-quality environment, in which seed germination and seedling growth are more suitable, (6) evaluation of ecosystem health and stability, which can be used as the basis for follow-up measures such as reseeding, fertilization, film mulching and plant introduction to promote the stable development of ecosystem of coal mine spoils. At the same time, problems of ecological restoration and directions for further research were proposed, which provides important theoretical guidance for the practice of ecosystem restoration in coal mine spoils.