Role of the IL-6-JAK1-STAT3-Oct-4 pathway in the conversion of non-stem cancer cells into cancer stem-like cells

Previous studies have demonstrated that a small subset of cancer cells is capable of tumor initiation. The existence of tumor initiating cancer stem cells (CSCs) has several implications in terms of future cancer treatment and therapies. However, recently, several researchers proposed that differentiated cancer cells (non-CSCs) can convert to stem-like cells to maintain equilibrium. These results imply that removing CSCs may prompt non-CSCs in the tumor to convert into stem cells to maintain the equilibrium. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) has been found to play an important role in the inducible formation of CSCs and their dynamic equilibrium with non-stem cells. In this study, we used CSC-like human breast cancer cells and their alternate subset non-CSCs to investigate how IL-6 regulates the conversion of non-CSCs to CSCs. MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-453 CSC-like cells formed mammospheres well, whereas most of non-stem cells died by anoikis and only part of the remaining non-stem cells produced viable mammospheres. Similar results were observed in xenograft tumor formation. Data from cytokine array assay show that IL-6 was secreted from non-CSCs when cells were cultured in ultra-low attachment plates. IL-6 regulates CSC-associated OCT-4 gene expression through the IL-6-JAK1-STAT3 signal transduction pathway in non-CSCs. Inhibiting this pathway by treatment with anti-IL-6 antibody (1 μg/ml) or niclosamide (0.5–2 μM)/LLL12 (5–10 μM) effectively prevented OCT-4 gene expression. These results suggest that the IL-6-JAK1-STAT3 signal transduction pathway plays an important role in the conversion of non-CSCs into CSCs through regulation of OCT-4 gene expression.