1. 1. The risks encountered during cold exposure are general body cooling or local cooling of parts of th body.
2. 2. Measures of cold stress must account for the effects of climate, clothing and metabolic heat production on heat balance.
3. 3. The combinaed effect of air temperature, mean radiant temperature, humidity and air velocity determines the cooling power of the environment.
4. 4. The cooling power can be easily converted into a required insulation value (IREQ) for whole body heat balance.
5. 5. Extensive cooling of hands and feet may be a limiting factor, even when sufficient total insulation is provided. In addition the cooling effect of wind on unprotected skin must be considered.
6. 6. Recommendation regarding acceptable exposures can be expressed as lowest ambient temperatures and time limits as function of available protection and activity level, with due attention to both general and local effects.
Author Keywords: Cold stress; clothing; method; temperature; limit values
