Cold stress signaling networks in Arabidopsis

Cold is one of the critical environmental conditions that negatively affects plant growth and development and determines the geographic distribution of plants. Cold stress signaling is dynamic and interacts with many other signal transduction pathways to efficiently cope with adverse stress effects in plants. The cold signal is primarily perceived via Ca²⁺ channel proteins, membrane histidine kinases, or unknown sensors, which then activate the sophisticated cold-responsive signaling pathways in concert with phytohormone signaling, the circadian clock, and the developmental transition to flowering, as a part of the stress adaptation response. In this review, we focus on crosstalk between cold signaling and other signal transduction pathways in Arabidopsis.