Guanosine controls inflammatory pathways to afford neuroprotection of hippocampal slices under oxygen and glucose deprivation conditions |
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Authors: | Tharine Dal‐Cim Fabiana K. Ludka Wagner C. Martins Charlise Reginato Esther Parada Javier Egea Manuela G. López Carla I. Tasca |
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Affiliation: | 1. Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, , Florianópolis, SC, Brazil;2. Curso de Farmácia, Universidade do Contestado, , Canoinhas, SC, Brazil;3. Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, , Madrid, Spain |
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Abstract: | Guanosine (GUO) is an endogenous modulator of glutamatergic excitotoxicity and has been shown to promote neuroprotection in in vivo and in vitro models of neurotoxicity. This study was designed to understand the neuroprotective mechanism of GUO against oxidative damage promoted by oxygen/glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD). GUO (100 μM) reduced reactive oxygen species production and prevented mitochondrial membrane depolarization induced by OGD. GUO also exhibited anti‐inflammatory actions as inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B activation and reduction of inducible nitric oxide synthase induction induced by OGD. These GUO neuroprotective effects were mediated by adenosine A1 receptor, phosphatidylinositol‐3 kinase and MAPK/ERK. Furthermore, GUO recovered the impairment of glutamate uptake caused by OGD, an effect that occurred via a Pertussis toxin‐sensitive G‐protein‐coupled signaling, blockade of adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR), but not via A1 receptor. The modulation of glutamate uptake by GUO also involved MAPK/ERK activation. In conclusion, GUO, by modulating adenosine receptor function and activating MAPK/ERK, affords neuroprotection of hippocampal slices subjected to OGD by a mechanism that implicates the following: (i) prevention of mitochondrial membrane depolarization, (ii) reduction of oxidative stress, (iii) regulation of inflammation by inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B and inducible nitric oxide synthase, and (iv) promoting glutamate uptake. |
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Keywords: | guanosine oxygen/glucose deprivation and reoxygenation glutamate uptake adenosine receptors mitogen‐activated protein kinases signaling hippocampal slices |
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