Molecular systematics and taxonomic overview of the bird's nest fungi (Nidulariaceae) |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China;2. Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Science, Chengdu, 610066, China;3. Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland;1. Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran;2. Department of Biology, Garmsar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Iran;1. Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, New Damietta, 34517, Egypt;2. Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;3. Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Adeilad Cledwyn, Penglais, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3DD, Wales, UK;1. Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA;2. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Salinas, CA, 93905, USA;3. Central Oregon Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Madras, OR, 97741, USA;1. University of Alberta, Department of Biological Sciences CW405, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada;2. Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK;3. Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey, TW9 3DS, UK;4. Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, China;5. 15 Rotten Row, Riseley, Bedford, MK44 1EJ, UK;6. Faculty of Biology, Department 1, Systematic Botany and Mycology, University of Munich (LMU), Menzingerstraße 67, 80638, München, Germany |
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| Abstract: | Fungi in the Nidulariaceae, otherwise known as ‘bird's nest fungi’, are among the least studied groups of Agaricomycetes (Basidiomycota). Bird's nest fungi are globally distributed and typically grow on woody debris or animal dung as saprotrophs. This group of fungi is morphologically diverse with ca. 200 described species. Phylogenetic relationships of bird's nest fungi were investigated with four commonly used loci (ITS, LSU, tef, and rpb2). The family was resolved as a monophyletic group with Squamanitaceae as a potential sister taxon. Cyathus and Crucibulum each formed its own independent and well-supported clade. Nidula and Nidularia formed a clade together, but each genus is polyphyletic. Two Mycocalia species included in our analyses were on their own separate branches, indicating that this genus is also polyphyletic. Misidentifications were detected in most genera, suggesting that species concepts need to be revisited and refined throughout Nidulariaceae. Several bird's nest fungi species have global geographical distributions whereas others may have more limited ranges. Basic morphological characters of bird's nest fungi have likely been lost or gained multiple times. The phylogenetic placement of Crucibulum is unclear and the sister lineage of bird's nest fungi is not conclusive. Further studies with data from rare species and additional informative genes are needed to fully resolve the topology of Nidulariaceae and identify its sister group with more certainty. |
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| Keywords: | Multigene phylogeny Nidulariales Agaricales Gasteroid mushrooms |
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