湿地保护、生态旅游与农民增收——以云南拉市海湿地为例

生态保护与经济发展之间的矛盾是发展中国家普遍存在的问题。近年来中国开展了大规模的生态保护行动，但对于这些行动的经济效应评估主要集中在森林和草地保护，而对湿地保护鲜少关注。选取云南一个典型的高原湿地，基于当地实施的退耕还湿政策，运用倾向得分匹配(PSM)和双重差分法(DID)检验了退耕还湿对农民收入和生态旅游的长期动态影响，并进一步讨论了政策效果的异质性以及补偿资金在湿地保护中的作用。研究发现：(1)退耕还湿具有显著的增收效应，使人均收入提高了约40%,并促进了生态旅游的发展；(2)随着时间推移，退耕还湿对农民收入和生态旅游的促进作用不断增强，在多重因素的综合影响下，农民通过生计转型实现长期增收；(3)退耕还湿存在明显的异质性影响。在不同收入群体中，低收入和高收入群体的增收效应最明显，而对生态旅游的影响则主要体现在高收入群体中；此外，距离湿地资源越近的地区，农民越倾向于通过开展生态旅游实现增收；(4)补偿资金在湿地保护中具有双重作用，不仅在保护行动前期作为安全网维持农民收入不降低，而且作为启动市场和吸引民间资本参与的种子资金，进一步支持了生态旅游的发展。研究结果能够为湿地保护与社会经济协...

Wetland conservation, ecotourism and farmers' income: A case study of Lashihai Wetland in Yunnan, China

The conflict between ecological conservation and economic development is a common concern for the developing countries. In recent years, the Chinese government has carried out large-scale ecological conservation initiatives, but assessments of the economic effects of these initiatives have mainly focused on forest and grassland conservation, with little attention paid to wetland conservation. This paper provides some empirical evidences to understand the economic impact of wetland conservation in a region where development has been constrained by wetland conservation. The paper selects a typical highland wetland in Yunnan Province and uses propensity score matching (PSM) and difference in difference (DID) to examine the long-term dynamic effects of wetland conservation on farmers'' income and ecotourism livelihoods based on the local policy of the Farmland to Wetland Conversion Program (FWCP), and further discusses the heterogeneity of policy effects and the role of compensation funds in wetland conservation. The results show that:(1) the FWCP has a significantly positive impact on the farmers'' income, increasing per capita income by about 40% and promoting the development of eco-tourism livelihoods. (2) As time goes by, the role of the FWCP in promoting farmers'' income and eco-tourism has continued to increase. Under the combined effect of multiple factors, the farmers achieved long-term income growth through livelihood transformation. (3) The FWCP has obviously heterogeneous effects. Among different income groups, low-income and high-income groups have the most obvious income-increasing effect, while the impact on ecotourism by the FWCP is mainly reflected in high-income groups, so there may be a risk of exacerbating local income inequality. In addition, the closer to the wetland resources, the more farmers tend to increase their income by developing ecotourism. (4) Compensation funds have a dual role in wetland conservation. Not only does it act as a safety net to maintain farmers'' incomes from decreasing in the early stages of conservation action, but it also serves as seed money to stimulate market and induce social capital participation, further supporting the development of ecotourism. The findings of this paper can provide new empirical evidence for the coordinated development of wetland conversation and socio-economics.