Evaluation of Aspergillus aculeatus GC-09 for the biological control of citrus blue mold caused by Penicillium italicum |
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| Affiliation: | 1. National Engineering Research Center of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China;2. South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, 510650, China;1. Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, 37200-900, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil;2. Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia;3. Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal Do Piauí, Teresina, 64049-550, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil;4. Sererre Agriculture and Animal Production Research Institute, NARO, Soroti, Uganda;5. USDA-APHIS-PPQ S&T, BARC-East, Bldg. 580 Powder Mill Road, Laurel, MD, 20708, USA;6. Department of Plant Pathology, Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, Kansas State University, 66506-5502, Manhattan, Kansas, USA;7. Australian Institute of Botanical Science, Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Mrs Macquaries Rd, Sydney, New South Wales, 2000, Australia;1. Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;2. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research System, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA;1. Campus de Engenharias e Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Br 104, km 85 Norte, Rio Largo, AL, 57100-000, Brazil;2. Instituto Federal de Alagoas, Campus Piranhas, Av. Sergipe, 1477, Piranhas, AL, 57460-000, Brazil;1. Departamento de Fitotecnia e Fitossanidade, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários 1540, CEP 80035-050, Curitiba, PR, Brazil;2. Department of Plant Pathology, University of California – Davis/Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, 9240 S. Riverbend Ave., Parlier, CA, 93648, USA |
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| Abstract: | Blue mold caused by Penicillium italicum is a severe postharvest disease in citrus fruits. In this study, the fermentation product (FP-E) of Aspergillus aculeatus GC-09, an endophytic fungus isolated from a citrus plant, was found to exhibit antifungal activity against P. italicum with a MIC of 0.3125 mg/mL. The fungus A. aculeatus GC-09 was identified based on the studies of morphology and ITS nucleotide sequence. FP-E significantly inhibited the spore germination and mycelial growth of P. italicum. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results of P. italicum treated with FP-E showed shrunken, distorted and collapsed hyphae and conidiospores, indicative of the cell membrane damage, which was further confirmed by the propidium iodide (PI) fluorescent staining analysis. Consistent with the microscopy observation, FP-E led to the leakage of cellular constituents from P. italicum, which is evident from the increase in electrical conductivity and nucleic acid contents in the mycelial solution incubated with FP-E. In addition, FP-E treatment considerably increased the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) content, and reduced the enzyme activities of both catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) in P. italicum cells. Furthermore, orange fruits treated with FP-E showed fewer disease symptoms compared to the untreated fruits. These results suggested that the antifungal activity of FP-E might be associated with the disruption of cell membrane integrity, the accumulation of ROS level, and the reduction of the antioxidant enzymes activity of P. italicum. Therefore, A. aculeatus GC-09 might be a potential microbial resource for the biocontrol of citrus postharvest blue mold. |
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| Keywords: | Antifungal Citrus blue mold |
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