The yeast lichenosphere: high diversity of basidiomycetes from the lichens Tephromela atra and Rhizoplaca melanophthalma |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127, Trieste, Italy;2. Department of Biology 4143 LSB, Brigham Young University Provo, Utah, 84602, USA;3. Departmento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Departamental 2. D-22,1 C/ Tulipán s/n, E-28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain;4. Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, SE10405, Stockholm, Sweden;5. University of Graz, Institute of Biology, Holteigasse 6, 8010, Graz, Austria;1. Department of Biodiversity and Environmental Management, University of León, 24071, León, Spain;2. Biodiversity and Conservation Area, Biology and Geology, Physics and Inorganic Chemistry Department, ESCET, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain;1. Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35, B.C. Road, Kolkata, 700019, India;2. Department of Botany, Vidyanagar College, West Bengal, 743503, India;3. Department of Botany, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Ranchi Road, Purulia, 723104, India;4. Department of Geology, University of Calcutta, 35, B.C. Road, Kolkata, 700019, India;1. Graduate Program in Comparative Biology, State University of Maringá, Brazil;2. Graduate Program in Ecology of Inland Water Ecosystems, State University of Maringá, Brazil;3. State University of Maringá (UEM), Brazil;4. Centre of Research in Limnology, Ichthyology and Aquaculture (Nupélia), UEM;1. Research Centre for Ecosystem Resilience, Australian Institute of Botanical Science, Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Mrs Macquaries Rd, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia;2. PlantClinic, Australian Institute of Botanical Science, Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Mrs Macquaries Rd, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia;3. Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia |
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| Abstract: | Lichens are well-known examples of complex symbiotic associations between organisms from different Kingdoms. Microfungi in particular, establish diverse associations with the hosting lichen thallus, as species-specific parasites or transient co-inhabitants. The whole community of lichen-associated fungi constitute the ‘lichen mycobiome’ comprising both ascomycetes and basidiomycetes, including filamentous and yeast taxa. Metabarcoding results and microscopy analyses show that in some thalli, basidiomycetes are frequent lichen-associated fungi but still only a few species could be axenically isolated and morphologically characterized. Within a broad project aiming at characterizing the mycobiome diversity by culture-dependent and independent approaches in two lichen species selected as reference models – Rhizoplaca melanophthalma and Tephromela atra, we succeed in isolating and culturing 76 new strains of basidiomycetous yeasts. The lichen thalli were collected in different mountain regions worldwide and at relatively high elevation. The yeast strains were isolated on different growth media and were studied for their morphological and genetic diversity. Nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and ribosomal large subunit (LSU) sequence analyses identified them to belong to ten families within the orders Agaricostilbomycetes, Cystobasidiomycetes, Microbotryomycetes, Tremellomycetes and Ustilaginomycetes. The yeasts here detected showed patterns of host-preference in a few cases and they are potentially related to the ecological conditions. |
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| Keywords: | Culture Cystobasidiomycetes Microbotryomycetes Phylogeny Symbiosis Tremellomycetes |
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