三峡库区典型流域聚落变迁的土地利用效应

三峡库区是典型的移民区和生态敏感区,探究其由于聚落变迁所引发的土地利用转移效应对于区域社会经济发展和生态恢复具有重要意义。以库区腹地草堂溪流域为研究对象,基于2000—2018年GOOGLE EARTH高分影像,结合当地自然地理环境和社会经济发展从微观尺度对山区聚落变迁的土地利用效应进行剖析。研究表明:(1)扩张型聚落周边以耕地转为果园为主;衰退型聚落周边土地利用转型主要表现为耕地向果园、有林地转变;自然增长型聚落周边以耕地和灌木林地向有林地,果园转化;消没型聚落周边以耕地,果园转为林草地,撂荒地为主,经济和生态效益均有所提高;且除消没型聚落外,另外3种聚落类型周边土地利用功能逐渐向生产生态功能转变,消没型周边土地利用功能逐渐侧重于生态功能。(2)2000—2010年,聚落变迁劳动力转移是聚落周边用地类型变化的根本因素,政府政策是是造成土地利用转型的直接因素;2010—2018年社会经济发展是土地利用转型的直接驱动因素,而农户生计需求是引发用地类型变化的根本驱动力;(3)聚落的变迁,不仅驱动了土地利用转型而且促使流域内经营主体由农户个体经营向政府、企业为主的经营主体转变。研究结果对于库区生态建设,农户经济发展以及改善人居环境等方面具有一定的积级作用。

Effect of settlements change on land use in typical watersheds in the Three Gorges reservoir area

The Three Gorges reservoir area (TGRA) is a typical immigrant and ecologically sensitive compound region. Exploring the land use transfer effects caused by the settlements change in the TGRA is of great significance to regional socio-economic development and ecological restoration. This study took the Caotangxi watershed in the hinterland of the reservoir area as the study area. Based on Google Earth high resolution image in 2000-2018, the land use effects of the settlement transition in mountainous areas was analyzed from the micro-scale in combination with local socio-economic development and naturally geographical environment. The results show that (1) the area around the expansion and natural growth settlements is mainly the transformation from the cultivated land to the orchard. Land-use transformation surrounding the declining settlements is mainly the transformation from the cultivated land to the orchard and forest land. The periphery of the disappearing settlement is mainly the transformation from the cultivated land and orchard to the forest-grassland and abandoned farmland. Both economic and ecological benefits have been improved. Besides the vanishing settlements, the land-use function of other three settlement types has gradually changed to the production-ecology function. The land-use function in the periphery of vanishing type is gradually focus on ecological function. (2) During the 2000-2010, the transfer of the labor force was a fundamental factor for the land-use type changes around settlements. Social and economic development in 2010-2018 was direct driving factor of land use transformation, and farmers'' livelihood needs were the fundamental driving force of land land-use type changes. The change of settlements not only drives the transformation of land use, but also changes the main body of management in the watershed from individual farmer management to government-oriented and enterprise-oriented management subjects. The results of the study have positive effect on the ecological construction, the economic development of farmers and the improvement of human living environment in the TGRA.