Spatial compartmentalization of lipid droplet biogenesis |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Cell Biology and Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America;2. Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America;1. Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA;2. Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;3. Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA;4. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA;5. Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02124, USA;1. School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;2. DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, 8 College Rd, Singapore 169857, Singapore;1. Laboratoire de Physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France;2. Department of Anatomy and Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland;3. Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, 00290 Helsinki, Finland |
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| Abstract: | Lipid droplets (LDs) are ubiquitous organelles that store metabolic energy in the form of neutral lipids (typically triacylglycerols and steryl esters). Beyond being inert energy storage compartments, LDs are dynamic organelles that participate in numerous essential metabolic functions. Cells generate LDs de novo from distinct sub-regions at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), but what determines sites of LD formation remains a key unanswered question. Here, we review the factors that determine LD formation at the ER, and discuss how they work together to spatially and temporally coordinate LD biogenesis. These factors include lipid synthesis enzymes, assembly proteins, and membrane structural requirements. LDs also make contact with other organelles, and these inter-organelle contacts contribute to defining sites of LD production. Finally, we highlight emerging non-canonical roles for LDs in maintaining cellular homeostasis during stress. |
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