江苏省西瓜施肥现状及高产潜力

为了分析高效施肥特征并提高西瓜的产量和品质,调查了江苏省西瓜主产区东台、大丰、泗洪、邳州、东海5个县市的施肥情况.结果表明: 江苏省西瓜平均产量为48325 kg·hm^-2,最高产量为97500 kg·hm^-2;秸秆还田14～15 t·hm^-2可提高西瓜产量;有机肥施用量在30 t·hm^-2以下时,西瓜产量随着有机肥施用量的提高而提高,有机肥施用量大于30 t·hm^-2时西瓜产量有降低趋势.有机肥高产高效和高产低效的农户分别占总调查农户的16.5%和29.1%;氮肥总施用量高产高效和高产低效农户分别占总调查数的14.9% 和26.3%;化学氮肥施用高产高效和高产低效的农户分别占总调查数的19.6%和22.4%;磷肥总施用量高产高效和高产低效的农户分别占总调查数的20.9%和21.8%;化学磷肥施用量高产高效和高产低效农户分别占总调查数的13.7% 和29.5%;钾肥总施用量高产高效和高产低效农户分别占总调查数的14.9% 和26.3%;化学钾肥施用量高产高效农户和高产低效农户分别占总调查数的29.6%和12.2%.与单施基肥相比,基肥和追肥分施可提高西瓜产量.此外,施用叶面肥也可提高西瓜产量.建议高产低效和低产低效农户减量施肥,提高肥料施用效率;低产高效农户调整肥料施用结构和施用时期,提高肥料利用效率.

Present fertilization and the potential of high yield on watermelon in Jiangsu Province,China.

Watermelon fertilization in main planting regions of Jiangsu Province was investigated in order to evaluate the characteristics of efficient fertilization and improve the yield and quality of watermelon. The investigation was performed in Dongtai, Dafeng, Sihong, Pizhou and Donghai. The results showed that the average yield of watermelon in Jiangsu Province was 48325 kg·hm^-2, and the highest yield was 97500 kg·hm^-2. The watermelon yield was improved by straw return of 14-15 t·hm^-2. The watermelon yield was increased with the increase of organic manure application under the quantity of 30 t·hm^-2, while it trended to decrease when the manure application exceeded 30 t·hm^-2. The peasant households of efficient high yield and inefficient high yield on organic manure were 16.5% and 29.1%, respectively. The peasant households of efficient high yield and inefficient high yield on total nitrogen fertilizer were 14.9% and 26.3%, while those on chemical nitrogen fertilizer were 19.6% and 22.4%, respectively. The peasant households of efficient high yield and inefficient high yield on total phosphorus fertilizer were 20.9% and 21.8%, while those on chemical phosphorus fertilizer were 13.7% and 29.5%, respectively. The peasant households of efficient high yield and inefficient high yield on total potassium fertilizer were 14.9% and 26.3%, while those on chemical potassium fertilizer were 29.6% and 12.2%, respectively. Compared to basic application, basic and top application combination enhanced the watermelon yield, so did the foliar fertilization. It was suggested that the peasant households of inefficient high yield and inefficient low yield should decrease the fertilization quantity to improve fertilizer efficiency, while those of efficient low yield should regulate nutrient components and fertilization stage.