Variation of secondary metabolite levels in maize seedling roots induced by inoculation with Azospirillum, Pseudomonas and Glomus consortium under field conditions |
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Authors: | Vincent Walker Olivier Couillerot Andreas Von Felten Floriant Bellvert Jan Jansa Monika Maurhofer René Bally Yvan Mo?nne-Loccoz Gilles Comte |
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Affiliation: | 1. Université de Lyon, 69622, Lyon, France 2. Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France 3. CNRS, UMR5557, Ecologie Microbienne, Villeurbanne, France 4. Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH, CH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland 5. Institute of Plant Agricultural Sciences, ETH, Eschikon 33, CH-8315, Lindau, Switzerland
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Abstract: | Background and aims Many plant-beneficial microorganisms can influence secondary plant metabolism, but whether these effects add up when plants are co-inoculated is unclear. This issue was assessed, under field conditions, by comparing the early impacts of seed inoculation on secondary metabolite profiles of maize at current or reduced mineral fertilization levels. Methods Maize seeds were inoculated singly with selected strains from bacterial genera Pseudomonas and Azospirillum or mycorrhizal genus Glomus, or with these strains combined two by two or all three together. At 16?days, maize root methanolic extracts were analyzed by RP-HPLC and secondary metabolites (phenolics, flavonoids, xanthones, benzoxazionoids, etc.) identified by LC/MS. Results Inoculation did not impact on plant biomass but resulted in enhanced total root surface, total root volume and/or root number in certain inoculated treatments, at reduced fertilization. Inoculation led to qualitative and quantitative modifications of root secondary metabolites, particularly benzoxazinoids and diethylphthalate. These modifications depended on fertilization level and microorganism(s) inoculated. The three selected strains gave distinct results when used alone, but unexpectedly all microbial consortia gave somewhat similar results. Conclusions The early effects on maize secondary metabolism were not additive, as combining strains gave effects similar to those of Glomus alone. This is the first study demonstrating and analyzing inoculation effects on crop secondary metabolites in the field. |
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