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The production and turnover of extramatrical mycelium of ectomycorrhizal fungi in forest soils: role in carbon cycling |
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| Authors: | A. Ekblad H. Wallander D. L. Godbold C. Cruz D. Johnson P. Baldrian R. G. Björk D. Epron B. Kieliszewska-Rokicka R. Kjøller H. Kraigher E. Matzner J. Neumann C. Plassard |
| Affiliation: | 1. School of Science & Technology, ?rebro University, 701 82, ?rebro, Sweden 2. Department of Biology, Microbial Ecology Group, Ecology Building, Lund University, 223 62, Lund, Sweden 3. Institute of Forest Ecology, Universit?t für Bodenkultur, 1190, Vienna, Austria 4. Plant Biology, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal 5. Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK 6. Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology ASCR, 14220, Praha, Czech Republic 7. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, P.O. Box 460, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden 8. UMR INRA-UL Forest Ecology and Ecophysiology, Université de Lorraine, BP70239, 54506, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France 9. Institute of Environmental Biology, Kazimierz Wielki University, Al. Ossolinskich 12, 85-093, Bydgoszcz, Poland 10. Terrestrial Ecology, Biological Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, bygning 1, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark 11. Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vecna pot 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia 12. Soil Ecology, University of Bayreuth, Dr. Hans Frisch Str. 1, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany 13. INRA, UMR Eco & Sols, 34060, Montpellier Cedex 02, France |
| Abstract: | There is growing evidence of the importance of extramatrical mycelium (EMM) of mycorrhizal fungi in carbon (C) cycling in ecosystems. However, our understanding has until recently been mainly based on laboratory experiments, and knowledge of such basic parameters as variations in mycelial production, standing biomass and turnover as well as the regulatory mechanisms behind such variations in forest soils is limited. Presently, the production of EMM by ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi has been estimated at ~140 different forest sites to be up to several hundreds of kg per ha per year, but the published data are biased towards Picea abies in Scandinavia. Little is known about the standing biomass and turnover of EMM in other systems, and its influence on the C stored or lost from soils. Here, focussing on ectomycorrhizas, we discuss the factors that regulate the production and turnover of EMM and its role in soil C dynamics, identifying important gaps in this knowledge. C availability seems to be the key factor determining EMM production and possibly its standing biomass in forests but direct effects of mineral nutrient availability on the EMM can be important. There is great uncertainty about the rate of turnover of EMM. There is increasing evidence that residues of EM fungi play a major role in the formation of stable N and C in SOM, which highlights the need to include mycorrhizal effects in models of global soil C stores. |
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