Changes in fungi and mycotoxins in pearl millet under controlled storage conditions |
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Authors: | Zeljko Jurjevic Jeffrey P Wilson David M Wilson Howard H Casper |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, USA;(2) United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Crop Genetics & Breeding Research Unit, P.O. Box 748, Tifton, GA 31793-0748, USA;(3) Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31793, USA;(4) Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA |
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Abstract: | Pearl millet is increasingly being grown as a premium-value grain for the recreational wildlife and poultry industries in
the southern US. We conducted three experiments to assess grain mold development in storage conditions typically encountered
in the region of production. Variables included production year, temperature, relative humidity, atmosphere, and grain moisture
content. In the first experiment, grain was stored for 9 weeks at 20 or 25°C and maintained at 86% or 91% relative humidity
(r.h.). In the second experiment, grain was stored for 9 weeks at 20 or 25°C in either air (aerobic) or N2 (anaerobic), and maintained at 100% r.h. In the third experiment, high-moisture grain was stored for 3 weeks at 20 or 25°C
and maintained at 100% r.h. Grain was sampled at weekly intervals and plated to determine changes in fungal frequency. Fungi
isolated included Fusarium chlamydosporum (19% of grain), Curvularia spp. (14%), F. semitectum (16%), Alternaria spp. (9%), Aspergillus flavus (8%), “Helminthosporium”-type spp. (6%), and F. moniliforme sensu lato (3%). Year of grain production significantly affected isolation frequency of fungi. Isolation frequencies from
low-moisture grain were rarely affected by temperature, relative humidity, or atmosphere treatments, but was affected by storage
duration for some fungi. Changes in isolation of toxigenic fungi occurred in high-moisture grain. Isolation frequency of F. chlamydosporum increased in grain stored at 86% and 91% r.h. Incidence of A. flavus increased in high-moisture grain treatments, particularly at 25°C. Incidence of deoxynivalenol was not affected by storage
treatment. Low concentrations of nivalenol were detected in most grain incubated at 100% r.h. Zearalenone was detected only
when grain moisture content was 20–22%. Aflatoxin contamination averaged 174 ng g−1 over all treatments, and increased up to 798 ng g−1 in high-moisture grain at stored at 25°C. |
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Keywords: | Aflatoxin Deoxynivalenol Nivalenol Pennisetum glaucum Storage molds Zearalenone |
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