CD40 signaling converts a minimally immunogenic antigen into a potent vaccine against the intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes

Conventional vaccination strategies have failed for numerous pathogens, and the development of novel approaches to vaccine development is a major public health priority. Killed or subunit vaccines represent an attractive approach due to their safety, but they suffer from low immunogenicity and generally require adjuvants. In this study, the possibility of harnessing CD40 signaling for enhancing the immunogenicity of killed vaccines was investigated. Intravenous immunization of C57BL/6 mice with heat-killed Listeria monocytogenes (HKL) induced minimal immunity, but HKL administered together with an agonistic anti-CD40 mAb induced high levels of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells capable of producing IFN-gamma following in vitro HKL stimulation. HKL/anti-CD40 vaccination elicited robust protection against subsequent Listeria challenge. Approximately 1000-fold fewer bacteria were detected in the liver and spleen of vaccinated mice, and vaccinated mice were also able to resist a normally lethal Listeria challenge. CD40-mediated adjuvant activity required endogenous IL-12 at the time of vaccination, and protection was mediated by both CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells. Thus, CD40 signaling can deliver potent adjuvant activity for vaccination against intracellular pathogens and is particularly effective for pathogens requiring both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells for effective control.