Breeding phenology and larval distribution of amphibians in a Mediterranean pond network with unpredictable hydrology

Understanding spatial and temporal breeding patterns in Mediterranean amphibian communities is urgent considering the rate of habitat loss. Breeding phenology and breeding habitat selection by amphibians were analysed through the monthly occurrence of larvae in a mosaic of 198 Mediterranean temporary ponds during three years. A generalized linear model (GLM) coupled with principal component analysis showed that, for almost all species, occurrence was significantly positively correlated to pond depth. In addition, pond openness negatively affected the presence of some species. Temporal breeding patterns varied among species. Some species exhibited flexibility in their breeding date (Pelobates cultripes, Pelodytes punctatus, Hyla meridionalis, Rana perezi), while others did not (Triturus marmoratus, Triturus helveticus, Bufo calamita). When faced with inter-annual hydrological variability, the first group had a more constant breeding success than the second. Variable hydrological conditions caused differential larval occurrence of species between years. These fluctuations might favour long-term persistence of the whole amphibian community. We finally discuss the implications of our results for the management of amphibian habitats in the Mediterranean region.