| Institution: | 1. Xi'an Key Laboratory of Advanced Photo-electronics Materials and Energy Conversion Device, Xijing University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710123 P. R. China
Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, Squires Way, North Wollongong, New South Wales, 2500 Australia;2. Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, Squires Way, North Wollongong, New South Wales, 2500 Australia;3. Xi'an Key Laboratory of Advanced Photo-electronics Materials and Energy Conversion Device, Xijing University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710123 P. R. China |
| Abstract: | Hard carbon (HC) is recognized as a promising anode material with outstanding electrochemical performance for alkali metal-ion batteries including lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), as well as their analogs sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) and potassium-ion batteries (PIBs). Herein, a comprehensive review of the recent research is presented to interpret the challenges and opportunities for the applications of HC anodes. The ion storage mechanisms, materials design, and electrolyte optimizations for alkali metal-ion batteries are illustrated in-depth. HC is particularly promising as an anode material for SIBs. The solid-electrolyte interphase, initial Coulombic efficiency, safety concerns, and all-climate performances, which are vital for practical applications, are comprehensively discussed. Furthermore, commercial prototypes of SIBs based on HC anodes are extensively elaborated. The remaining challenges and research perspectives are provided, aiming to shed light on future research and early commercialization of HC-based SIBs. |
