Contribution: Data curation, Writing - review & editing;5. Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, USA;6. Amazon Mammals Research Group, National Amazon Research Institute (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil & Department of. Zoology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Prince Edward Island, Brazil

Contribution: Data curation, Writing - review & editing;7. Laboratório de Primatologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil;8. Department of Biology, Rhodes College, Memphis, Tennessee, USA

Contribution: Data curation, Writing - review & editing;9. Department of Anthropology, California State University Northridge, Northridge, California, USA

Contribution: Data curation, Writing - review & editing;10. Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA

School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa

Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xi'an, China

Contribution: Data curation, Writing - review & editing;11. Department of Biology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil;12. School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China

Contribution: Data curation, Writing - review & editing;13. Department of Anthropology and Environmental Studies Program, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, California, USA

Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

Contribution: Data curation, Writing - review & editing;14. Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Alnarp, Sweden

Contribution: Data curation, Writing - review & editing;15. Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany;16. Laboratório de Primatologia, Departamento de Zootecnia e Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Palmeira das Missões, RS, Brazil;17. School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia;18. Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany

Contribution: Data curation, Writing - review & editing;19. Department of Anthropology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA;20. Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia

Africa Research & Engagement Centre, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia

Contribution: Data curation, Writing - review & editing;21. Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

Contribution: Data curation, Writing - review & editing;22. Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada;23. Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois, USA

Contribution: Data curation, Writing - review & editing;24. Department of Behavioral Ecology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany

Research Group Primate Social Evolution, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Goettingen, Germany

Contribution: Data curation, Writing - review & editing;25. Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, United Kingdom;26. Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Lerma, Mexico

Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional (CIIDIR), Unidad Oaxaca, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico

Contribution: Data curation, Writing - review & editing;27. Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

Department of Zoology and Animal Biodiversity, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar

Contribution: Data curation, Writing - review & editing;28. Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA

Congo Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Brazzaville, Congo

Contribution: Data curation, Writing - review & editing;29. Neotropical Primate Conservation, Cornwall, United Kingdom;30. Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil;31. School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom;32. Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium

Contribution: Data curation;33. Biology Department, California Lutheran University, Thousand Oaks, California, USA

Contribution: Data curation, Writing - review & editing;34. School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, China

Contribution: Data curation, Writing - review & editing;35. School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA

Contribution: Data curation, Writing - review & editing;36. Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA

Contribution: Data curation, Writing - review & editing;37. Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA

Contribution: Data curation, Writing - review & editing;38. School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Contribution: Data curation, Writing - review & editing;39. Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China

Contribution: Data curation, Methodology