Symplasmic isolation ofChara vulgaris antheridium and mechanisms regulating the process of spermatogenesis

Summary The antheridium ofChara vulgaris L. is connected by plasmodesmata with the thallusvia a basal cell. Prior to the initiation of spermatozoid differentiation these plasmodesmata are spontaneously broken, resulting in symplasmic isolation of the antheridium.Premature plasmolytically evoked symplasmic isolation of the antheridium leads to a 2–4 fold reduction in the length of antheridial filaments and the elimination of 1–2 cell cycles from the first stage of spermatogenesis.Autoradiographic and cytophotometric studies have shown that, as a result of induced symplasmic isolation of the antheridium, endomitotic DNA synthesis was blocked both in the young manubria (after 24 hours) and in the capitular cells (after 48 hours). In the antheridial filaments DNA synthesis was inhibited together with either elimination of divisions and induction of spermatid differentiation or developmental block. We propose that breakage of plasmodesmata connecting the antheridium with the thallus is a signal which releases, in all antheridia, mechanisms that (i) block endomitotic DNA synthesis in the manubria, (ii) restrict the growth rate and the divisions of antheridial filament cells, and (iii) induce spermiogenesis in these antheridia in which the manubria attained the sufficient level of polyploidy.This work is supported by the Polish Academy of Sciences within the project CPBP 04.01.5.05.