Multifactorial effects of hyperglycaemia,hyperinsulinemia and inflammation on bone remodelling in type 2 diabetes mellitus |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia;2. Division of Bone Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Geneva University Hospital & Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland;3. School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia;1. Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Tage Hansens Gade 2, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark;1. Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense Denmark;2. Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA;3. Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA;4. Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA;1. Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, IBIMA, Spain;2. Networking Biomedical Research Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN). Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology-BIONAND, 29071, Málaga, Spain;1. Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, IBIMA, Spain;2. Networking Biomedical Research Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN). Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology-BIONAND, 29071, Málaga, Spain;1. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;2. Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, IBIMA, Spain;3. Networking Biomedical Research Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN). Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology-BIONAND, 29071, Málaga, Spain;1. Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark |
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| Abstract: | Bones undergo continuous cycles of bone remodelling that rely on the balance between bone formation and resorption. This balance allows the bone to adapt to changes in mechanical loads and repair microdamages. However, this balance is susceptible to upset in various conditions, leading to impaired bone remodelling and abnormal bones. This is usually indicated by abnormal bone mineral density (BMD), an indicator of bone strength. Despite this, patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) exhibit normal to high BMD, yet still suffer from an increased risk of fractures. The activity of the bone cells is also altered as indicated by the reduced levels of bone turnover markers in T2DM observed in the circulation. The underlying mechanisms behind these skeletal outcomes in patients with T2DM remain unclear. This review summarises recent findings regarding inflammatory cytokine factors associated with T2DM to understand the mechanisms involved and considers potential therapeutic interventions. |
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| Keywords: | Diabetes Hyperglycaemia Hyperinsulinemia Inflammation Bones Bone remodelling |
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