Islands in cities: Urbanization and fragmentation drive taxonomic and functional variation in ground arthropods |
| |
| Institution: | 1. Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, 3-11 Tsurukabuto, Kobe 657-8501, Japan;2. Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7 Tokiwa-dai, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan;3. Faculty of Human Development, Kobe University, 3-11 Tsurukabuto, Kobe 657-8501, Japan;1. Núcleo de Extensão e Pesquisa em Ecologia e Evolução (NEPEE), Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Naturais, Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais, Ituiutaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil;2. Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil;1. UMR CEFE 5175, University of Montpellier, EPHE, University Paul-Valéry Montpellier, route de Mende, Montpellier Cedex F-34199, Napoli, France;2. Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy;3. Department of Chemistry and Biology “Adolfo Zambelli”, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo, II 132, I-84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy;4. IRD – Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris (UMR iEES-Paris), 32, avenue Henri, Varagnat, F-93143 Bondy Cedex, France;5. Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples, via A, Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy;1. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile;2. Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile;3. Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA;1. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV)- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC)- CONICET, Centro de Investigaciones Entomológicas de Córdoba FCEFyN, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, X5016GCA, Córdoba, Argentina;2. Department of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha - Suchdol, 165 00, Czech Republic;3. Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba (INFIQC)- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba- Haya de la Torre esquina Medina Allende S/N piso 2, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina |
| |
| Abstract: | The conversion of natural lands in urban areas is exponentially increasing worldwide, causing a major decline in biodiversity. Environmental alterations caused by urbanization, such as land conversion and isolation of natural patches, favour tolerant and generalist species, causing both species loss and replacement. In addition, selective pressure is exerted on particular functional traits, driving a functional homogenization or turnover of biotic communities. We sampled ground arthropods within the municipality of Turin (NW-Italy), wherein an isolated and a connected control subplot were repeatedly sampled at 15 stations distributed along a gradient of increasing urbanization. Such a nested sampling design allowed us to investigate the taxonomic and the functional responses of carabids and spiders to both the urbanization level and patch isolation. First, we highlighted the dominant role played by species homogenization (nestedness) in explaining both taxonomic and functional variation in both groups of arthropods. Secondly, we showed that urbanization causes simultaneously functional homogenization and replacement in both carabid and spider assemblages, whereas patch isolation influences carabid species composition and homogenizes and shifts spider taxonomic and functional composition. Lastly, by relating community-weighted means of body length, dispersal capacity and trophic strategy to the urbanization and isolation gradients, we demonstrated that urbanization alters the trophic structure of both taxonomic groups and increases the average dispersal capacity of spiders. On the other hand, patch isolation affected the functional composition of spiders only, reducing the body size and increasing dispersal capacity and the proportion of web-builder species. Our results demonstrate that both urbanization and patch isolation alter species composition by causing functional and taxonomic homogenization. In addition, they exert a strong filtering effect on community functional traits, increasing the proportion of phytophagous species in carabids, and increasing dispersal capacity and web-builders occurrence in spiders, while reducing spider body size. |
| |
| Keywords: | Taxonomic Homogenization Functional homogenization Carabids Spiders Traits |
| 本文献已被 ScienceDirect 等数据库收录！ |
|
