Inadequate pollination services limit watermelon yields in northern Tanzania

Insect pollination plays a vital role for the yield of many crops, such as apples, strawberries and coffee, which are economically significant commodities on the global market. Yet, knowledge about the role of insect pollination is lacking for many cash crops that support the livelihoods of small-scale farmers in developing countries.To assess if yields of watermelon are pollen limited, we conducted a supplemental hand-pollinated experiment (using a pollen mixture of cross and self-pollen) in 13 small-scale farms in an agricultural landscape in the Kilimanjaro and Arusha regions in northern Tanzania. We assessed fruit set, fruit abortion and weight of the mature fruits stemming from hand pollinated and control flowers. To check if differences in yield responses between hand-pollinated and control treatments depended on resource availability, we also accounted for local soil conditions.We found that hand pollination (i) increased the probability of fruit initiation by 30%, (ii) reduced the probability of fruit abortion by 13%, (iii) increased the probability of flowers developing into mature fruits by 42% and (iv) increased average fruit weight by 1.3 kg (±0.15 SE). Our results indicate that our system is pollen limited, due to insufficient visitor frequency and/or inefficient pollinator species.Fruit initiation and fruit weight were positively related to soil carbon, irrespective of treatment. The influence of soil moisture was not consistent across the measured responses, and differed between hand-pollinated and the control treatments.We suggest that farmers in our focal area should focus on improving the quality of the landscape to sustain and enhance healthy pollinator communities ultimately improving yields. We also suggest that farmers should continue current practices with respect to fertilization. The role of soil moisture on fruit initiation and maturation should be investigated to ensure that the positive effects of pollen is not hindered by soil moisture conditions.