Multiple anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants in Bangladesh |
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| Institution: | 1. School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, WA 6150, Australia;2. Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Katanning, WA 6317, Australia;3. Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Albany, WA 6330, Australia;1. Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias/Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Estadual do Ceará—UECE, 60714-903, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil;2. Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos, Fazenda Três Lagoas, Estrada Sobral Groaíras km 04, Caixa Postal 145, 62010-970, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil;3. Instituto Superior de Teologia Aplicada—INTA, 62050-100, Sobral, CE, Brazil;4. Universidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú—UVA, 62.040-370, Sobral, CE, Brazil;1. Animal Health Department, Agrifood Research and Technology Centre of Aragon (CITA), Ctra. Montañana, 930, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain;2. Animal Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain;1. Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias/Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Av. Dedé Brasil, 1700, CEP 60714-903 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil;2. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária – Caprinos e Ovinos, Estrada Sobral/Groaíras, km 04, Caixa Postal 145, CEP 62010-970 Sobral, CE, Brazil |
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| Abstract: | Anthelmintic resistance (AR) against gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) of sheep and goats is a global concern. To address the problem, this study assessed the status of AR in different government and private sheep and goat farms in Bangladesh. We conducted fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) and Egg hatch assay (EHA) experiments. For the detection of resistant larvae, pooled fecal samples from treated and non-treated groups were subjected to coproculture. Furthermore, 195 adult Haemonchus parasites were genotyped to ascertain benzimidazole (BZ) resistance allele from seven topographic zones of Bangladesh using allele specific PCR (AS-PCR). In FECRT, the percentage reduction along with 95% confidence intervals indicated that GINs were resistant to albendazole (ABZ), levamisole (LEV) and ivermectin (IVM). Coproculture revealed that Haemonchus spp., Oesophagostomum spp. and Trichostrongylus spp. were resistant to anthelmintics. ABZ resistance was also confirmed by in vitro EHA in all the farms except the private goat farm in Mymensingh. The genotype frequencies were 6% for homozygous resistant (rr), 59% for heterozygous (rS) and 35% for homozygous susceptible (SS) among different topographic zones. The allelic frequency of the mutation conferring resistance (r) ranged from 25% to 47% signifying resistance to BZ in nematodes of sheep/goats. The genotype frequencies (rr, rS and SS) and allelic frequencies (r and S) varied significantly (p?0.05) in different zones in Bangladesh. Overall, the data suggest an alarming condition created by multiple AR in Bangladesh. |
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