Synthesis of Tragia involucrata mediated platinum nanoparticles for comprehensive therapeutic applications: Antioxidant,antibacterial and mitochondria-associated apoptosis in HeLa cells

This study aims to synthesis pharmaceutical potential platinum nanoparticles from Tragia involucrata leaf extract (Ti-PtNPs) for biomedical applications. The colour development in the reaction mixture confirms the integration of Ti-PtNPs and its surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak observed at 252 nm. The crystalline nature of Ti-PtNPs was authenticated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The functional groups present in the T. involucrata (AE-Ti) aqueous extract, notably polyphenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, and proteins, participated in the synthesis of Ti-PtNPs, established in the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis. The synthesized Ti-PtNPs demonstrate spherical like particles with an average size of 10 nm. Ti-PtNPs exhibited dose depended on antioxidant activities and the activities were higher than the AE-Ti. The antibacterial activity of Ti-PtNPs was tested against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) and displays admirable inhibitory activity in agar bioassay, disc diffusion, killing kinetics. Also, the synthesized Ti-PtNPs have attached the outer cell wall of bacteria and increased the protein leakage activity. The Ti-PtNPs exhibited potent cytotoxicity against HeLa cells with an IC₅₀ value of 27.72 μg/ml. Moreover, the Ti-PtNPs enhance the intracellular ROS production, which induces the mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Thus, the synthesis Ti-PtNPs can be used as a broad spectrum of pharmaceutical applications.