Lateral root development, including responses to soil drying, of maize (Zea mays) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) seminal roots

The spatial distribution of lateral roots in the soil is an important factor influencing water and nutrient absorption. However, lateral root development has rarely been studied in detail, especially concerning morphological variations, mainly because such examinations are both time-consuming and laborious. We measured the number and length of all first-order lateral roots on the seminal roots of maize ( Zea mays L.) and wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) to investigate variations in linear frequency and length. This was conducted with reference to species, root types, and positions on their parental roots. Although the linear frequency of first-order lateral roots varied along the root axis in maize, the variation was not as great as in wheat. Variations were found in the length of lateral roots among plant species, root types, and positions on their parental root axes. Such variations in the length of lateral roots along the root axes were caused by differences in the elongation period of lateral roots rather than those in the elongation rate. Additionally, we examined the effects of soil drying on lateral root development. As a response to soil drying, the length of lateral roots varied depending on the period they were placed under the stressed condition. Moderate soil drying could also accelerate the elongation of some lateral roots. Variations in the length of first-order lateral roots and their responses to soil drying could help distribute their tips thoroughly throughout the soil. This might be adaptive for water absorption for root system development when resources are limited.