Process length variation in cysts of a dinoflagellate,Lingulodinium machaerophorum,in surface sediments: Investigating its potential as salinity proxy |
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| Authors: | Kenneth N Mertens Sofia Ribeiro Ilham Bouimetarhan Hulya Caner Nathalie Combourieu Nebout Barrie Dale Anne De Vernal Marianne Ellegaard Mariana Filipova Anna Godhe Evelyne Goubert Kari Grøsfjeld Ulrike Holzwarth Ulrich Kotthoff Suzanne AG Leroy Laurent Londeix Fabienne Marret Kazumi Matsuoka Peta J Mudie Lieven Naudts Stephen Louwye |
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| Institution: | 1. Research Unit Palaeontology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 s8, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;2. Department of Biology, Aquatic Biology Section, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 2D DK-1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark;3. Centre for Marine Environmental Sciences (Marum), University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, D-28334, Germany;4. Institute of Marine Sciences and Management, Istanbul University, Vefa 34470, Turkey;5. LSCE/IPSL UMR CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Domaine du CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse Bat. 12, F-91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France;6. Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, PB 1047 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway;7. GEOTOP, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3P8;8. Museum of Natural History, 41 Maria Louisa Blvd., 9000 Varna, Bulgaria;9. Department of Marine Ecology, Marine Botany, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 461, SE 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden;10. Université Européenne de Bretagne, Université de Bretagne Sud, Lab-STICC, Campus Tohannic, 56 000 Vannes, France;11. Geologikal Survey of Norway, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway;12. Institute of Geosciences, University of Frankfurt, Altenhöferallee 1, D-60438 Frankfurt/M., Germany;13. Institute for the Environment, Brunel University (West London), Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK;14. Université Bordeaux 1, UMR 5805 EPOC, avenue de Facultés, 33405 Talence cedex, France;15. Department of Geography, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZT, UK;p. Institute for East China Sea Research (ECSER), 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan;q. Geological Survey Canada Atlantic, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada B2Y 4A2;r. Renard Centre of Marine Geology (RCMG), Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 s8, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium;s. Centro de Estudios Tecnológicos del Mar No. 11. Km. 6.5 carretera Ensenada-Tijuana, Ensenada, Baja California, México;t. Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire PaléoEnvironnements et PaléobioSphère, UMR 5125 CNRD, 2 Rue Raphaël, Dubois, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France;u. School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, Petch 168, P.O. Box 3055 STN CSC, Victoria, B.C., Canada V8W 3P6;v. (Institute of Environmental Biology) Laboratory of Palaeobotany and Palynology Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands;w. Marine Organic Biogeochemistry, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands;x. Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Alfred-Bentz-Haus, Stilleweg 2, 30 655 Hannover, Germany;y. Fachbereich 5-Geowissenschaften, University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, D-28334, Germany;z. Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;11. UGCT, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;22. Departamento de Geologia Marinha, LNEG, Estrada da Portela, Zambujal 2721-866 Alfragide, Portugal Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto de Oceanografia, Campo Grande 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;33. Department of Marine Ecology, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 461, SE 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden |
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| Abstract: | A biometrical analysis of the dinoflagellate cyst Lingulodinium machaerophorum Deflandre, G., Cookson, I.C., 1955. Fossil microplankton from Australia late Mesozoic and Tertiary sediments. Australian journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 6: 242–313.] Wall, 1967 in 144 globally distributed surface sediment samples revealed that the average process length is related to summer salinity and temperature at a water depth of 30 m by the equation (salinity/temperature) = (0.078?average process length + 0.534) with R2 = 0.69. This relationship can be used to reconstruct palaeosalinities, albeit with caution. The particular ecological window can be associated with known distributions of the corresponding motile stage Lingulodinium polyedrum (Stein) Dodge, 1989. Confocal laser microscopy showed that the average process length is positively related to the average distance between process bases (R2 = 0.78), and negatively related to the number of processes (R2 = 0.65). These results document the existence of two end members in cyst formation: one with many short, densely distributed processes and one with a few, long, widely spaced processes, which can be respectively related to low and high salinity/temperature ratios. Obstruction during formation of the cysts causes anomalous distributions of the processes. From a biological perspective, processes function to facilitate sinking of the cysts through clustering. |
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