Effect of footwear on intramuscular EMG activity of plantar flexor muscles in walking |
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| Institution: | 1. Neuromuscular Research Centre, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, Finland;2. Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences (GIH), Sweden;3. Department of CLINTEC, Karolinska Institute, Sweden;4. Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden;5. Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark;6. Department for Health, Bath University, UK;1. Program in Physical Therapy, Oregon State University - Cascades, Bend, Oregon, USA;2. School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA;1. Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Spain;2. School of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain;3. Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain;4. Research, Health and Podiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Nursing and Podiatry, Universidade da Coruña, Spain;5. University Center of Plasencia, Universidad de Extremadura, Spain;6. Nursing and Physical Therapy Department, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de León, Ponferrada, León, Spain;1. Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Central Finland Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland;2. Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands;3. Aspetar Sports Groin Pain Centre, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Hospital, Doha, Qatar;4. Sport Medicine and Exercise Clinic Haarlem (SBK), Haarlem, the Netherlands;5. Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland;1. Faculty of Health Sciences. Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Spain;2. Department, Faculty of Health, Exercise and Sport, European University of Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain;3. Research, Health and Podiatry Unit. Department of Health Sciences. Faculty of Nursing and Podiatry. Universidade da Coruña, Spain;4. School of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry. Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain;5. Nursing and Physical Therapy Department, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de León, Ponferrada, León, Spain;1. Centre for Health Sciences Research, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom;2. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada |
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| Abstract: | One of the purposes of footwear is to assist locomotion, but some footwear types seem to restrict natural foot motion, which may affect the contribution of ankle plantar flexor muscles to propulsion. This study examined the effects of different footwear conditions on the activity of ankle plantar flexors during walking. Ten healthy habitually shod individuals walked overground in shoes, barefoot and in flip-flops while fine-wire electromyography (EMG) activity was recorded from flexor hallucis longus (FHL), soleus (SOL), and medial and lateral gastrocnemius (MG and LG) muscles. EMG signals were peak-normalised and analysed in the stance phase using Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM). We found highly individual EMG patterns. Although walking with shoes required higher muscle activity for propulsion than walking barefoot or with flip-flops in most participants, this did not result in statistically significant differences in EMG amplitude between footwear conditions in any muscle (p > 0.05). Time to peak activity showed the lowest coefficient of variation in shod walking (3.5, 7.0, 8.0 and 3.4 for FHL, SOL, MG and LG, respectively). Future studies should clarify the sources and consequences of individual EMG responses to different footwear. |
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| Keywords: | Locomotion Gait Foot Lower leg Fine-wire electromyography |
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